teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_dopamine
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
| Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
| teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_dopamine [2019/08/09 11:57] – ↷ Page moved from teaching:cndm_topic_dopamine to teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_dopamine anthony | teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_dopamine [2019/09/30 13:18] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 66.249.65.213 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | [[teaching: | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Topic: Dopamine ====== | ====== Topic: Dopamine ====== | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| - | 2019-02-17 | + | This neurotransmitter signals reward prediction error, which influences how likely we are to make a choice again in the future. |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Article Discussed ====== | ====== Article Discussed ====== | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| Daw, N. D., & Tobler, P. N. (2014). Value Learning through Reinforcement. In // | Daw, N. D., & Tobler, P. N. (2014). Value Learning through Reinforcement. In // | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Brief Summary | ====== Brief Summary | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| The topic of this article examines the role of dopamine in the human body and how it affects the everyday lives of individuals and influences our decisions. The class had many thoughtful questions about the reading, and these critical questions were centered around the reward system that we see in animals, the genetic and environmental factors that affect the level and effectiveness of dopamine, and how learning is associated with the positive reinforcement of dopamine. The classroom discussion was centered around examining how illegal drugs influenced the motivation for people to accomplish tasks, but it also looked at the difference in drive between these illegal drugs and the natural drug: dopamine. | The topic of this article examines the role of dopamine in the human body and how it affects the everyday lives of individuals and influences our decisions. The class had many thoughtful questions about the reading, and these critical questions were centered around the reward system that we see in animals, the genetic and environmental factors that affect the level and effectiveness of dopamine, and how learning is associated with the positive reinforcement of dopamine. The classroom discussion was centered around examining how illegal drugs influenced the motivation for people to accomplish tasks, but it also looked at the difference in drive between these illegal drugs and the natural drug: dopamine. | ||
| Line 20: | Line 38: | ||
| Aside from the two unanswered questions above, everything else received a response and answered the critical reading questions submitted by the students. The wide range of questions and answers provides a solid foundation for understanding dopamine and its role in the human body. | Aside from the two unanswered questions above, everything else received a response and answered the critical reading questions submitted by the students. The wide range of questions and answers provides a solid foundation for understanding dopamine and its role in the human body. | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Cognitive Process Neuroimaging Analysis | ====== Cognitive Process Neuroimaging Analysis | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| Neurosynth term: “Dopamine” | Neurosynth term: “Dopamine” | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles ===== | ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles ===== | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| Li H, Jia Y, Peng H, Li J. Recent developments in dopamine-based materials for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2018 Feb; | Li H, Jia Y, Peng H, Li J. Recent developments in dopamine-based materials for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2018 Feb; | ||
| Line 39: | Line 66: | ||
| Dimić D, Milenković D, Dimitrić Marković J, Marković Z. Antiradical activity of catecholamines and metabolites of dopamine: theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2017 May 24; | Dimić D, Milenković D, Dimitrić Marković J, Marković Z. Antiradical activity of catecholamines and metabolites of dopamine: theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2017 May 24; | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Top 5 Neurosynth articles ===== | ===== Top 5 Neurosynth articles ===== | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| Line 56: | Line 86: | ||
| da Silva Alves, F., Bakker, G., Schmitz, N., Abeling, N., Hasler, G., van der Meer, J., … van Amelsvoort, T. (2013). Dopaminergic modulation of the reward system in schizophrenia: | da Silva Alves, F., Bakker, G., Schmitz, N., Abeling, N., Hasler, G., van der Meer, J., … van Amelsvoort, T. (2013). Dopaminergic modulation of the reward system in schizophrenia: | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Neurosynth Map for Dopamine | ===== Neurosynth Map for Dopamine | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| > {{teaching: | > {{teaching: | ||
| Line 66: | Line 99: | ||
| > Reverse inference maps in NeuroSynth with search terms (a) reward and... (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | > Reverse inference maps in NeuroSynth with search terms (a) reward and... (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Neurosynth Coordinate Associations | ===== Neurosynth Coordinate Associations | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ^ | ^ | ||
| Line 80: | Line 116: | ||
| | [[http:// | | [[http:// | ||
| | [[http:// | | [[http:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Questions posed by the class ====== | ====== Questions posed by the class ====== | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Background vocabulary | ===== Background vocabulary | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What is Voltammetry | ==== Q: What is Voltammetry | ||
| Line 91: | Line 137: | ||
| Basically, a certain chemical is measured (so like, neurochemicals such as dopamine), by measuring the current at different electrical potentials. I’m also entirely unsure how they would do this within neuroscience; | Basically, a certain chemical is measured (so like, neurochemicals such as dopamine), by measuring the current at different electrical potentials. I’m also entirely unsure how they would do this within neuroscience; | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What is the argmax operation of economics? | ==== Q: What is the argmax operation of economics? | ||
| OptionTemple: | OptionTemple: | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What does second order conditioning mean? ==== | ==== Q: What does second order conditioning mean? ==== | ||
| Line 105: | Line 153: | ||
| For example, if you have previously been hit by a bus when making a left turn, the fear of being hit by a bus is first order conditioning, | For example, if you have previously been hit by a bus when making a left turn, the fear of being hit by a bus is first order conditioning, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: When it is stated that “human fMRI experiments have shown prediction-error correlates in the striatal blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response resembling those seen in animal dopamine recordings”, | ==== Q: When it is stated that “human fMRI experiments have shown prediction-error correlates in the striatal blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response resembling those seen in animal dopamine recordings”, | ||
| Line 117: | Line 166: | ||
| > Velasco, C. (2017, November 24). Dopamine Is The Reason Why Humans Are So Unique From Other Animals. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | > Velasco, C. (2017, November 24). Dopamine Is The Reason Why Humans Are So Unique From Other Animals. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What is the Rescorla-Wagner rule? Also, who created this rule? ==== | ==== Q: What is the Rescorla-Wagner rule? Also, who created this rule? ==== | ||
| Line 123: | Line 173: | ||
| “A formal model of the circumstances under which Pavlovian conditioning occurs. It attempts to describe the changes in associative strength (V) between a signal (conditioned stimulus, CS) and the subsequent stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US) as a result of a conditioning trial.” Rescorla and Wagner created this model in 1972 | “A formal model of the circumstances under which Pavlovian conditioning occurs. It attempts to describe the changes in associative strength (V) between a signal (conditioned stimulus, CS) and the subsequent stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US) as a result of a conditioning trial.” Rescorla and Wagner created this model in 1972 | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What is a Rescorla-Wagner prediction error and how can it be used to predict the responses of the dopamine neurons? | ==== Q: What is a Rescorla-Wagner prediction error and how can it be used to predict the responses of the dopamine neurons? | ||
| Line 136: | Line 187: | ||
| > Consider an animal trying to learn the value of pressing a lever that yields four pellets of food with a probability of 0.5. Because, in one-half of all trials, the animal is rewarded and in one-half, he is not and because all rewards have a value of four, we know exactly what this equation will do. If α has a value of one, A will bounce up and down between zero and four; if α is infinitely small, A will converge to two. That is striking, because two is the long-run average, or expected, value of pressing the lever. Therefore, in an environment that does not change, when α is small, this equation converges to the expected value of the action. | > Consider an animal trying to learn the value of pressing a lever that yields four pellets of food with a probability of 0.5. Because, in one-half of all trials, the animal is rewarded and in one-half, he is not and because all rewards have a value of four, we know exactly what this equation will do. If α has a value of one, A will bounce up and down between zero and four; if α is infinitely small, A will converge to two. That is striking, because two is the long-run average, or expected, value of pressing the lever. Therefore, in an environment that does not change, when α is small, this equation converges to the expected value of the action. | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Can someone simplify and explain the temporal difference model? ==== | ==== Q: Can someone simplify and explain the temporal difference model? ==== | ||
| “The temporal difference model has been proposed as a model for Pavlovian conditioning, | “The temporal difference model has been proposed as a model for Pavlovian conditioning, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: I am not sure what the following sentence means, “phasic dopamine signals would serve reinforcement learning whereas tonic dopamine levels in the striatum would facilitate movement? | ==== Q: I am not sure what the following sentence means, “phasic dopamine signals would serve reinforcement learning whereas tonic dopamine levels in the striatum would facilitate movement? | ||
| ZeroCanary: “Behaviorally relevant stimuli are proposed to cause short-term activation of dopamine cell firing to trigger the phasic component of dopamine release. In contrast, tonic dopamine release is proposed to regulate the intensity of the phasic dopamine response through its effect on extracellular dopamine levels.” | ZeroCanary: “Behaviorally relevant stimuli are proposed to cause short-term activation of dopamine cell firing to trigger the phasic component of dopamine release. In contrast, tonic dopamine release is proposed to regulate the intensity of the phasic dopamine response through its effect on extracellular dopamine levels.” | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Nervous System Pathways | ===== Nervous System Pathways | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: “As a net effect, all these drugs lead to increased dopamine levels in the ventral striatum and other areas, and this is believed to underlie their addictive action.” Where specifically is the ventral striatum? | ==== Q: “As a net effect, all these drugs lead to increased dopamine levels in the ventral striatum and other areas, and this is believed to underlie their addictive action.” Where specifically is the ventral striatum? | ||
| Line 154: | Line 211: | ||
| > Ambient Benefit | > Ambient Benefit | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What is the function of the retrorubral nucleus? | ==== Q: What is the function of the retrorubral nucleus? | ||
| The retrorubral field is the area caudal and lateral to the red nucleus in the midbrain reticular formation. It is also home to a large portion of dopaminergic cells of the A8 cell group. -SodaOxford | The retrorubral field is the area caudal and lateral to the red nucleus in the midbrain reticular formation. It is also home to a large portion of dopaminergic cells of the A8 cell group. -SodaOxford | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What does dopamine do in the striatum region to make it produce movement impairments such as Parkinsons disease? | ==== Q: What does dopamine do in the striatum region to make it produce movement impairments such as Parkinsons disease? | ||
| Line 168: | Line 227: | ||
| **Mobilesuper ** | **Mobilesuper ** | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: What other neurotransmitters play a key role in physical processes, in addition to mental processes, such as how dopamine is found to be necessary for movement? | ==== Q: What other neurotransmitters play a key role in physical processes, in addition to mental processes, such as how dopamine is found to be necessary for movement? | ||
| Line 176: | Line 236: | ||
| exercise”, | exercise”, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Is dopamine the only thing involved in the reward system? ==== | ==== Q: Is dopamine the only thing involved in the reward system? ==== | ||
| Line 184: | Line 245: | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Implication of Dopamine | ===== Implication of Dopamine | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Do all species have the same ratio of dopamine in their brains compared to other neurotransmitters? | ==== Q: Do all species have the same ratio of dopamine in their brains compared to other neurotransmitters? | ||
| “Among the mammals, considering the whole brain, the amount of dopamine receptor per unit of tissue decreases with increasing evolution… Dopamine receptor density in limbic areas increases from mice to monkeys.” - RespondLlama | “Among the mammals, considering the whole brain, the amount of dopamine receptor per unit of tissue decreases with increasing evolution… Dopamine receptor density in limbic areas increases from mice to monkeys.” - RespondLlama | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Do we know if low levels of dopamine can be genetic? | ==== Q: Do we know if low levels of dopamine can be genetic? | ||
| Line 200: | Line 266: | ||
| Paint Level: In an investigation into the genes involved in dopamine transmission as it relates to Schizophrenia, | Paint Level: In an investigation into the genes involved in dopamine transmission as it relates to Schizophrenia, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: is there a difference in dopamine levels in the brains of “risk takers” (people who are more likely to make a decision where the outcome is less certain) than in the brains of “safe” people (people who are more likely to make a decision where the outcome is almost 100% certain)? | ==== Q: is there a difference in dopamine levels in the brains of “risk takers” (people who are more likely to make a decision where the outcome is less certain) than in the brains of “safe” people (people who are more likely to make a decision where the outcome is almost 100% certain)? | ||
| RavioliJaguar: | RavioliJaguar: | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Dopamine seems to be a primary factor in nearly every disorder studied, with a wide range of types of disorders. However, research on dopamine regulation does not seem to match the depth of knowledge that scientists have about the disorders themselves. Are there breakthroughs being made involving dopamine regulation in science/ | ==== Q: Dopamine seems to be a primary factor in nearly every disorder studied, with a wide range of types of disorders. However, research on dopamine regulation does not seem to match the depth of knowledge that scientists have about the disorders themselves. Are there breakthroughs being made involving dopamine regulation in science/ | ||
| Line 212: | Line 280: | ||
| > Velasco, C. (2017, November 24). Dopamine Is The Reason Why Humans Are So Unique From Other Animals. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | > Velasco, C. (2017, November 24). Dopamine Is The Reason Why Humans Are So Unique From Other Animals. Retrieved February 18, 2019, from [[https:// | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Is the release of dopamine also the reason why some become “reinforced” to do drugs? | ==== Q: Is the release of dopamine also the reason why some become “reinforced” to do drugs? | ||
| Line 218: | Line 287: | ||
| -TelecomElegant | -TelecomElegant | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: “As a net effect, all these drugs lead to increased dopamine levels in the ventral striatum and other areas, and this is believed to underlie their addictive action.” Does dopamine play a role in why some drugs are more addictive than others? | ==== Q: “As a net effect, all these drugs lead to increased dopamine levels in the ventral striatum and other areas, and this is believed to underlie their addictive action.” Does dopamine play a role in why some drugs are more addictive than others? | ||
| Line 224: | Line 294: | ||
| The dopamine that is released when people take drugs is a primary cause of addiction because people become addicted to the pleasurable feelings that dopamine released due to drugs can cause. With long-term or consistent drug use, dopamine receptors in the brain shut down and people need more of a drug to get the same pleasurable feeling that they did the first time they did that drug. Some drugs cause a greater release of dopamine than others which is part of what makes a drug more or less addictive. Some other drugs work in different ways to create a feeling of pleasure in the brain. These other drugs can also be extremely addictive. | The dopamine that is released when people take drugs is a primary cause of addiction because people become addicted to the pleasurable feelings that dopamine released due to drugs can cause. With long-term or consistent drug use, dopamine receptors in the brain shut down and people need more of a drug to get the same pleasurable feeling that they did the first time they did that drug. Some drugs cause a greater release of dopamine than others which is part of what makes a drug more or less addictive. Some other drugs work in different ways to create a feeling of pleasure in the brain. These other drugs can also be extremely addictive. | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Why does our brain get addicted to excessive amounts of dopamine? Is there a way for our brain to naturally balance? For addiction treatment how is this treated? | ==== Q: Why does our brain get addicted to excessive amounts of dopamine? Is there a way for our brain to naturally balance? For addiction treatment how is this treated? | ||
| Drugs interfere with how our neurons send, receive, and process neurotransmitters. Certain drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, will activate neurons because their chemical structures resemble those of neurotransmitters found naturally in our body. This enables drug to attach onto neurons and activate them. These drugs basically send out abnormal messages through the brain’s network. Normal communication between neurons can also be disrupted or enhanced by neurons releasing excessive amounts of natural neurotransmitters or preventing the recycling of these brain chemicals by interfering with transporters. To simplify, addiction treatment focuses on fixing and focusing on the body’s natural process of producing neurotransmitters, | Drugs interfere with how our neurons send, receive, and process neurotransmitters. Certain drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, will activate neurons because their chemical structures resemble those of neurotransmitters found naturally in our body. This enables drug to attach onto neurons and activate them. These drugs basically send out abnormal messages through the brain’s network. Normal communication between neurons can also be disrupted or enhanced by neurons releasing excessive amounts of natural neurotransmitters or preventing the recycling of these brain chemicals by interfering with transporters. To simplify, addiction treatment focuses on fixing and focusing on the body’s natural process of producing neurotransmitters, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ===== Learning and the Reward System | ===== Learning and the Reward System | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: How does prediction error vary by age? (Prediction error is basically the difference between the experienced reward and the previous reward/ | ==== Q: How does prediction error vary by age? (Prediction error is basically the difference between the experienced reward and the previous reward/ | ||
| Line 236: | Line 311: | ||
| > **DivideSegment** | > **DivideSegment** | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: How does learning rate impact decision making? If you have a faster learning rate will you be a better decision maker? | ==== Q: How does learning rate impact decision making? If you have a faster learning rate will you be a better decision maker? | ||
| Line 242: | Line 318: | ||
| **MileImport ** | **MileImport ** | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Parkinson’s disease is related to the degeneration of dopamine receptors in the brain and therefore affects motor functions in patients who have it. Does it also affect their ability to feel satisfaction and reward because these nerves and receptors play a role in that? ==== | ==== Q: Parkinson’s disease is related to the degeneration of dopamine receptors in the brain and therefore affects motor functions in patients who have it. Does it also affect their ability to feel satisfaction and reward because these nerves and receptors play a role in that? ==== | ||
| Line 250: | Line 327: | ||
| 30-40% of Parkinson’s patients suffer from depression < | 30-40% of Parkinson’s patients suffer from depression < | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Do people with “reward system” damage always have issues favoring the better option? | ==== Q: Do people with “reward system” damage always have issues favoring the better option? | ||
| Line 257: | Line 335: | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Could cocaine or other drugs more legal drugs be used to help change behavior for instance if people hate working out? ==== | ==== Q: Could cocaine or other drugs more legal drugs be used to help change behavior for instance if people hate working out? ==== | ||
| Line 267: | Line 346: | ||
| AnthonyCate | AnthonyCate | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Wouldn’t the variation between subjects’ ability to plan for the future be a confound for the experimental link between dopamine and learning? | ==== Q: Wouldn’t the variation between subjects’ ability to plan for the future be a confound for the experimental link between dopamine and learning? | ||
| Line 273: | Line 353: | ||
| -**SocialAnvil ** | -**SocialAnvil ** | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Can politicians use this to predict people' | ==== Q: Can politicians use this to predict people' | ||
| Line 282: | Line 363: | ||
| * **RespondLlama ** | * **RespondLlama ** | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ==== Q: Why do people sometimes make decisions which lack reward or cause punishment (or both)? | ==== Q: Why do people sometimes make decisions which lack reward or cause punishment (or both)? | ||
| Line 287: | Line 369: | ||
| This article looks into the behavioral motivators behind decision making. While some decisions may seem like they lack reward or cause punishment, more often than not, there is some type of reward in the choice, but a lack in judgement of the person making the decision to determine if the reward outweighs the risk or punishment involved. One example I can think of would be skipping work/class to go spend time with friends or catch up on a few hours of sleep. While downsides to this decision would be potentially losing a job or missing out on information learned in class, the person making that decision would justify their actions by getting a higher “reward” for themselves by spending time with friends or sleeping, and are thus willing to make those choices. | This article looks into the behavioral motivators behind decision making. While some decisions may seem like they lack reward or cause punishment, more often than not, there is some type of reward in the choice, but a lack in judgement of the person making the decision to determine if the reward outweighs the risk or punishment involved. One example I can think of would be skipping work/class to go spend time with friends or catch up on a few hours of sleep. While downsides to this decision would be potentially losing a job or missing out on information learned in class, the person making that decision would justify their actions by getting a higher “reward” for themselves by spending time with friends or sleeping, and are thus willing to make those choices. | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| ====== Bibliography | ====== Bibliography | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| Voltammetry - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https:// | Voltammetry - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https:// | ||
| Line 359: | Line 447: | ||
| da Silva Alves, F., Bakker, G., Schmitz, N., Abeling, N., Hasler, G., van der Meer, J., … van Amelsvoort, T. (2013). Dopaminergic modulation of the reward system in schizophrenia: | da Silva Alves, F., Bakker, G., Schmitz, N., Abeling, N., Hasler, G., van der Meer, J., … van Amelsvoort, T. (2013). Dopaminergic modulation of the reward system in schizophrenia: | ||
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Date of summary document === | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2019-02-17 | ||
| + | |||
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_dopamine.1565366249.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/09 11:57 by anthony