teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_gustation
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| teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_gustation [2019/08/16 16:11] – [Background vocabulary] anthony | teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_gustation [2019/09/30 13:18] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 66.249.65.209 | ||
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| SodaOxford: The gustatory is responsible for taste. | SodaOxford: The gustatory is responsible for taste. | ||
| - | > What Is the Gustatory Cortex? (with pictures). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http:// | + | What Is the Gustatory Cortex? (with pictures). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http:// |
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| - | > “Gustatory” is the technical word for the regular English word “taste.” It comes from the root “*geus-” which etymonline.com describes like this: “Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to taste; to choose." | + | “Gustatory” is the technical word for the regular English word “taste.” It comes from the root “*geus-” which etymonline.com describes like this: “Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to taste; to choose." |
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| - | > *geus- | Origin and meaning of *geus- by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https:// | + | *geus- | Origin and meaning of *geus- by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https:// |
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| - | > I think it is interesting that “taste” and “choice” are related concepts linguistically. | + | I think it is interesting that “taste” and “choice” are related concepts linguistically. |
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| - | > AnthonyCate | + | AnthonyCate |
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| ===== Neuroscience methods ===== | ===== Neuroscience methods ===== | ||
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| ==== Q: How is data taken in morphological and electrophysiological recordings? ==== | ==== Q: How is data taken in morphological and electrophysiological recordings? ==== | ||
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| * Morphological recording- Morphological Analysis (MA) can also be referred to as ‘problem solving’. It is visually recorded in a morphological overview, often called a ‘Morphological Chart’. The method was developed in the 1960s by [[https:// | * Morphological recording- Morphological Analysis (MA) can also be referred to as ‘problem solving’. It is visually recorded in a morphological overview, often called a ‘Morphological Chart’. The method was developed in the 1960s by [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: What does the Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging technique exactly measure on the brain? ==== | ==== Q: What does the Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging technique exactly measure on the brain? ==== | ||
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| * It originates from different mechanisms such as changes in the physical properties of the tissue and/or changes of fluorescence or absorption of intrinsic molecules [[https:// | * It originates from different mechanisms such as changes in the physical properties of the tissue and/or changes of fluorescence or absorption of intrinsic molecules [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: If most electrophysiological recordings are performed on anesthetized animals, doesn’t this mean that if the same tastant experiments were conducted when the animals are awake that results could be different and produce a different outcome? How do researchers combat this? ==== | ==== Q: If most electrophysiological recordings are performed on anesthetized animals, doesn’t this mean that if the same tastant experiments were conducted when the animals are awake that results could be different and produce a different outcome? How do researchers combat this? ==== | ||
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| AnthonyCate | AnthonyCate | ||
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| ===== Nervous system pathways ===== | ===== Nervous system pathways ===== | ||
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| ==== Q: Is gustatory processing in the periphery considered to be more or less complex in terms of evolution than gustatory processing contained within the CNS? ==== | ==== Q: Is gustatory processing in the periphery considered to be more or less complex in terms of evolution than gustatory processing contained within the CNS? ==== | ||
| - | PolarisUnique: | + | PolarisUnique: |
| + | de Araujo, I. E., & Simon, S. A. (2009). The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration. // | ||
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| ==== Q: What are the main functions of each part of the tongue - in relation to organizing and categorizing tastes? ==== | ==== Q: What are the main functions of each part of the tongue - in relation to organizing and categorizing tastes? ==== | ||
| - | WindowComrade: | + | WindowComrade: |
| + | (Center for Smell and Taste » The tongue map you learned in school is wrong. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http:// | ||
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| ==== Q: Neurons that are labelled ‘best receptors’ can change their tastant selectivity during, or after ingestion? - what does that mean? ==== | ==== Q: Neurons that are labelled ‘best receptors’ can change their tastant selectivity during, or after ingestion? - what does that mean? ==== | ||
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| (Carleton, Accolla, & Simon, 2010) | (Carleton, Accolla, & Simon, 2010) | ||
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| ==== Q: What is a synthetic and normally tasteless ligand? This is in relation to the quote from the article “For example, in mice expressing a receptor activated by a synthetic and normally tasteless ligand in bitter-responsive cells the ligand was found to induce avoidance behavior, whereas when the same receptor was expressed in sweet-responsive cells the ligand provoked acceptance behavior.” ==== | ==== Q: What is a synthetic and normally tasteless ligand? This is in relation to the quote from the article “For example, in mice expressing a receptor activated by a synthetic and normally tasteless ligand in bitter-responsive cells the ligand was found to induce avoidance behavior, whereas when the same receptor was expressed in sweet-responsive cells the ligand provoked acceptance behavior.” ==== | ||
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| * This supports the labeled line model, which says that individual taste receptor cells “will respond only to a single taste quality” [[https:// | * This supports the labeled line model, which says that individual taste receptor cells “will respond only to a single taste quality” [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: What is the thing that activates the transient receptor channel, the IP3-reduced, | ==== Q: What is the thing that activates the transient receptor channel, the IP3-reduced, | ||
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| ==== Q: Why doesn’t the firing rate decrease for blackcurrant juice? ==== | ==== Q: Why doesn’t the firing rate decrease for blackcurrant juice? ==== | ||
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| AnthonyCate | AnthonyCate | ||
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| ==== Q: Can the separate pathways be simultaneously activated? (e.g. bitter and sweet). ==== | ==== Q: Can the separate pathways be simultaneously activated? (e.g. bitter and sweet). ==== | ||
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| “a single chemical species may elicit more than one taste (i.e., through the activation of multiple receptors) and may explain the characteristic “aftertaste” associated with these tastants.” [[https:// | “a single chemical species may elicit more than one taste (i.e., through the activation of multiple receptors) and may explain the characteristic “aftertaste” associated with these tastants.” [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: What are the major similarities and differences between taste codes and the way the taste signals travel? | ==== Q: What are the major similarities and differences between taste codes and the way the taste signals travel? | ||
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| ==== Q: What does the article mean by the phrase “neuronal spike timing”? ==== | ==== Q: What does the article mean by the phrase “neuronal spike timing”? ==== | ||
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| * ShelfOpus | * ShelfOpus | ||
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| ==== Q: What does the article mean when it says “gustatory pathways in the brain consist of interacting and dynamic feed-forward and top-down pathways”? | ==== Q: What does the article mean when it says “gustatory pathways in the brain consist of interacting and dynamic feed-forward and top-down pathways”? | ||
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| **RavioliJaguar** | **RavioliJaguar** | ||
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| ==== Q: What is a segregated pathway? ==== | ==== Q: What is a segregated pathway? ==== | ||
| - | * A segregated pathway is used to carry abundant information to a particular location of the brain via multiple pathways as opposed to only one. This increases efficiency and allows information to be processed and transmitted more quickly and without the risk of all of the information being lost if there is damage to one of the pathways. | + | A segregated pathway is used to carry abundant information to a particular location of the brain via multiple pathways as opposed to only one. This increases efficiency and allows information to be processed and transmitted more quickly and without the risk of all of the information being lost if there is damage to one of the pathways. |
| - | * Cloutman, L. L., Binney, R. J., Morris, D. M., Parker, G. J. M., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Using in vivo probabilistic tractography to reveal two segregated dorsal ‘language-cognitive’ pathways in the human brain. //Brain and Language//, //127//(2), 230–240. | + | |
| - | * [[https:// | + | |
| + | Cloutman, L. L., Binney, R. J., Morris, D. M., Parker, G. J. M., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Using in vivo probabilistic tractography to reveal two segregated dorsal ‘language-cognitive’ pathways in the human brain. //Brain and Language//, //127//(2), 230–240. [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: What is the difference between labeled line and ensemble code? ==== | ==== Q: What is the difference between labeled line and ensemble code? ==== | ||
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| * Ensemble code otherwise known as “across neuron hypothesis” says coding for taste comes from a response from ALL cells involved, not just those with the biggest response [[https:// | * Ensemble code otherwise known as “across neuron hypothesis” says coding for taste comes from a response from ALL cells involved, not just those with the biggest response [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: Why does the temporal response need to be able to distinguish between two tastes more specifically than the broadly tuned neuron if the overall purpose is to distinguish between harmful and helpful substances? Based on Page 5 of the PDF, “Coding in the brainstem and thalamus”. ==== | ==== Q: Why does the temporal response need to be able to distinguish between two tastes more specifically than the broadly tuned neuron if the overall purpose is to distinguish between harmful and helpful substances? Based on Page 5 of the PDF, “Coding in the brainstem and thalamus”. ==== | ||
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| ==== Q: What exactly is the role of the ‘pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN)’, and specifically, | ==== Q: What exactly is the role of the ‘pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN)’, and specifically, | ||
| “Neurons in the pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN) transduce signals for the general visceral sensory, somatic sensory, gustatory, and autonomic nervous systems, and the various PBN neurons that perform these functions are intermingled.” (Maeda, N, et al. “Spatial Differences in Molecular Characteristics of the Pontine Parabrachial Nucleus.” //Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.//, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Nov. 2009, [[http:// | “Neurons in the pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN) transduce signals for the general visceral sensory, somatic sensory, gustatory, and autonomic nervous systems, and the various PBN neurons that perform these functions are intermingled.” (Maeda, N, et al. “Spatial Differences in Molecular Characteristics of the Pontine Parabrachial Nucleus.” //Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.//, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Nov. 2009, [[http:// | ||
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| ===== Cortical representation of taste ===== | ===== Cortical representation of taste ===== | ||
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| ==== Q: What does “taste maps for saccharin are plastic” mean? ==== | ==== Q: What does “taste maps for saccharin are plastic” mean? ==== | ||
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| > Gutierrez, R., & Simon, S. A. (2011). Chemosensory processing in the taste – reward pathway. //Flavour and Fragrance Journal//, //26//(4), 231–238. [[https:// | > Gutierrez, R., & Simon, S. A. (2011). Chemosensory processing in the taste – reward pathway. //Flavour and Fragrance Journal//, //26//(4), 231–238. [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: What is chemotopic organization? | ==== Q: What is chemotopic organization? | ||
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| **Mobilesuper** | **Mobilesuper** | ||
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| ==== Q: What type of graph is a “topographical representation”? | ==== Q: What type of graph is a “topographical representation”? | ||
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| > --AgentCharter | > --AgentCharter | ||
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| ==== Q: What role does the somatosensory system play in the analyzing different types of food? ==== | ==== Q: What role does the somatosensory system play in the analyzing different types of food? ==== | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: can we point of the area in the brain in Mango where gustation occurs? (“Gustatory Cortex,” n.d.) ==== | ==== Q: can we point of the area in the brain in Mango where gustation occurs? (“Gustatory Cortex,” n.d.) ==== | ||
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| **Mobilesuper** | **Mobilesuper** | ||
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| ==== Q: Why does the temporal response need to be able to distinguish between two tastes more specifically than the broadly tuned neuron if the overall purpose is to distinguish between harmful and helpful substances? Based on Page 5 of the PDF, “Coding in the brainstem and thalamus”. ==== | ==== Q: Why does the temporal response need to be able to distinguish between two tastes more specifically than the broadly tuned neuron if the overall purpose is to distinguish between harmful and helpful substances? Based on Page 5 of the PDF, “Coding in the brainstem and thalamus”. ==== | ||
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| AnthonyCate | AnthonyCate | ||
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| ===== Cognitive implications of taste coding ===== | ===== Cognitive implications of taste coding ===== | ||
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| ==== Q: Do people get a similar memory recall from taste as people do with scent? Or are they different in that regard? ==== | ==== Q: Do people get a similar memory recall from taste as people do with scent? Or are they different in that regard? ==== | ||
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| * If you are referring to remembering something from a smell based on associative learning, the same thing can sort of happen with taste**:** “Learning through the taste system is intimately allied with GI consequences. The animal knows two facts: what the chemical was (taste), and what it did (GI). This information permits it to tailor its chemical selection to full individual advantage over a lifetime.” [[https:// | * If you are referring to remembering something from a smell based on associative learning, the same thing can sort of happen with taste**:** “Learning through the taste system is intimately allied with GI consequences. The animal knows two facts: what the chemical was (taste), and what it did (GI). This information permits it to tailor its chemical selection to full individual advantage over a lifetime.” [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: How do you gain or lose the different types of TRCs? For example some people like salt more than others, or have an acquired taste for bitter things, do they have more type II TRCs, or G-protein coupled receptors? ==== | ==== Q: How do you gain or lose the different types of TRCs? For example some people like salt more than others, or have an acquired taste for bitter things, do they have more type II TRCs, or G-protein coupled receptors? ==== | ||
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| ==== Q: If most electrophysiological recordings are performed on anesthetized animals, doesn’t this mean that if the same tastant experiments were conducted when the animals are awake that results could be different and produce a different outcome? How do researchers combat this? ==== | ==== Q: If most electrophysiological recordings are performed on anesthetized animals, doesn’t this mean that if the same tastant experiments were conducted when the animals are awake that results could be different and produce a different outcome? How do researchers combat this? ==== | ||
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| ==== Q: Is the gustatory system and the somatosensory system the only thing involved in analyzing food features? ==== | ==== Q: Is the gustatory system and the somatosensory system the only thing involved in analyzing food features? ==== | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: Why does the peripheral gustatory processing have a much simpler mechanism over the central nervous system gustatory processing? ==== | ==== Q: Why does the peripheral gustatory processing have a much simpler mechanism over the central nervous system gustatory processing? ==== | ||
| I don’t have any information on the scientific functional reason why this is but simply said Peripheral means on the side/ secondary and Central means primary/ main. Hence why the processing in Peripheral Gustatory System is simpler compared to the processing in the Central nervous gustatory system. -(ZeroCanary) | I don’t have any information on the scientific functional reason why this is but simply said Peripheral means on the side/ secondary and Central means primary/ main. Hence why the processing in Peripheral Gustatory System is simpler compared to the processing in the Central nervous gustatory system. -(ZeroCanary) | ||
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| ==== Q: Do people like sour candies (even though sour tastes are generally unpleasant) because the sweet flavor overpowers the sour? So why do some prefer sour candy over other candy? ==== | ==== Q: Do people like sour candies (even though sour tastes are generally unpleasant) because the sweet flavor overpowers the sour? So why do some prefer sour candy over other candy? ==== | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: With so much biological and evolutionary support for how and why human gustation works the way it does, why do humans still find food that is very unhealthy, and that the body does not need, so appealing? ==== | ==== Q: With so much biological and evolutionary support for how and why human gustation works the way it does, why do humans still find food that is very unhealthy, and that the body does not need, so appealing? ==== | ||
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| * [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: Under the assumption that taste preferences change with age, especially considering differences between children and adults (like how most kids normally hate the taste of vegetables that adults may otherwise enjoy), how does the taste encoding differ in children versus adults? Does associative learning play a larger role in one group versus the other? ==== | ==== Q: Under the assumption that taste preferences change with age, especially considering differences between children and adults (like how most kids normally hate the taste of vegetables that adults may otherwise enjoy), how does the taste encoding differ in children versus adults? Does associative learning play a larger role in one group versus the other? ==== | ||
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| WelcomeSoda: | WelcomeSoda: | ||
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| ==== Q: Why is it that some medicine injections to other areas of the body result in a patient tasting something? ==== | ==== Q: Why is it that some medicine injections to other areas of the body result in a patient tasting something? ==== | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ==== Q: Does the release of neurotransmitter dopamine playing into the frontal cortex and reward value? | ==== Q: Does the release of neurotransmitter dopamine playing into the frontal cortex and reward value? | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ===== Implications for health and clinical disorders | ===== Implications for health and clinical disorders | ||
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| ==== Q: Can this science be used to help with dieting or health benefits? Reduce the type II TRCs that respond to sweets, or reduce the ENaCs to reduce attraction to salt for those with high blood pressure? ==== | ==== Q: Can this science be used to help with dieting or health benefits? Reduce the type II TRCs that respond to sweets, or reduce the ENaCs to reduce attraction to salt for those with high blood pressure? ==== | ||
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| * ShelfOpus | * ShelfOpus | ||
| - | ==== Q: | + | \\ |
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| Taste Perception: The primary taste cortex is located in the rostrodorsal insula. Damage to the right insula caused ipsilateral taste recognition and intensity deficits. Damage to the left insula caused ipsilateral deficit in taste intensity and a bilateral deficit in taste intensity. Taste information from both sides of the tongue goes through the left insula, based on the testing done with left-hemisphere stroke patients. | Taste Perception: The primary taste cortex is located in the rostrodorsal insula. Damage to the right insula caused ipsilateral taste recognition and intensity deficits. Damage to the left insula caused ipsilateral deficit in taste intensity and a bilateral deficit in taste intensity. Taste information from both sides of the tongue goes through the left insula, based on the testing done with left-hemisphere stroke patients. | ||
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| -PoloBravo | -PoloBravo | ||
| - | | + | * “Olfactory dysfunction is common following traumatic brain injury, occurring in approximately 20% of patients depending on the mechanism of injury… In contrast, gustatory disturbances are infrequent, occurring in less than 1% of cases;” “With the higher prevalence of traumatic injuries to the olfactory system than the gustatory system, it follows that patients with brain injury reporting taste disturbances more likely have olfactory deficits.” |
| - | | + | * Reiter and Costanzo, “Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury.” |
| - | | + | * [[https:// |
| - | > **Reiter, E. R., & Costanzo, R. M. (2012). Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment and Management. // | + | > Reiter, E. R., & Costanzo, R. M. (2012). Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment and Management. // |
| - | **“Therefore, | + | “Therefore, |
| - | **This states that digestive physiological changes in an individual can affect the ability of that individual to process taste stimuli. This could extend beyond just brain trauma, but I think that the gustatory system in the body is complex and involved enough that even subtle, seemingly unrelated systems in the body really could affect taste responses in neurons.** | + | This states that digestive physiological changes in an individual can affect the ability of that individual to process taste stimuli. This could extend beyond just brain trauma, but I think that the gustatory system in the body is complex and involved enough that even subtle, seemingly unrelated systems in the body really could affect taste responses in neurons. |
| - | **“Better control of dietary compensation is highly desirable and needed.” | + | “Better control of dietary compensation is highly desirable and needed.” |
| - | **Individuals’ bodies will naturally attempt to develop a proper healthy dietary system, and trauma to these processes within the body effect large portions of bodily functions as a result. Trauma to the body greatly affects the body’s ability to properly and efficiently process taste stimuli, and this includes trauma to the brain.** | + | Individuals’ bodies will naturally attempt to develop a proper healthy dietary system, and trauma to these processes within the body effect large portions of bodily functions as a result. Trauma to the body greatly affects the body’s ability to properly and efficiently process taste stimuli, and this includes trauma to the brain. |
| - | **Hill, David L. “Neural Plasticity in the Gustatory System.” //Nutrition Reviews// 62, no. 11 Pt 2 (November 2004): S208–41.** | + | Hill, David L. “Neural Plasticity in the Gustatory System.” //Nutrition Reviews// 62, no. 11 Pt 2 (November 2004): S208–41. |
| - | **Karasov, William H., and Angela E. Douglas. “Comparative Digestive Physiology.” // | + | Karasov, William H., and Angela E. Douglas. “Comparative Digestive Physiology.” // |
| - | **Morais, S., L. E. C. Conceição, | + | Morais, S., L. E. C. Conceição, |
| - | **--AgentCharter** | + | --AgentCharter |
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| ===== Directions for future research ===== | ===== Directions for future research ===== | ||
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| ==== Q: How would future experiments delve into the other parts of the food stimulus? ==== | ==== Q: How would future experiments delve into the other parts of the food stimulus? ==== | ||
| - | **ExactTulip: “Gustatory dysfunction may indeed be related to the normal ageing process. However, in many cases, what is perceived as a taste defect is truly a primary defect in olfaction. Other than smell dysfunction, | + | ExactTulip: “Gustatory dysfunction may indeed be related to the normal ageing process. However, in many cases, what is perceived as a taste defect is truly a primary defect in olfaction. Other than smell dysfunction, |
| - | **Boyce, J. M., & Shone, G. R. (2006). Effects of ageing on smell and taste. // | + | Boyce, J. M., & Shone, G. R. (2006). Effects of ageing on smell and taste. // |
| Hunger triggers endocannabinoid receptors, making your olfactory system more sensitive and more active, to salt and sugar in particular. Future experiments could study how the increased activity of the endocannabinoid receptors affect binge eating and/or how its effects vary by culture. (CoolActive) | Hunger triggers endocannabinoid receptors, making your olfactory system more sensitive and more active, to salt and sugar in particular. Future experiments could study how the increased activity of the endocannabinoid receptors affect binge eating and/or how its effects vary by culture. (CoolActive) | ||
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| [[https:// | [[https:// | ||
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| ====== Bibliography ====== | ====== Bibliography ====== | ||
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| Are kids’ taste buds different from adults’? (2009, September 21). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https:// | Are kids’ taste buds different from adults’? (2009, September 21). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https:// | ||
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_gustation.1565986299.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/16 16:11 by anthony