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--- teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_gustation [2019/08/16 16:15] – anthony
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 SodaOxford: The gustatory is responsible for taste.
-> What Is the Gustatory Cortex? (with pictures). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-gustatory-cortex.htm|http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-gustatory-cortex.htm]]
+What Is the Gustatory Cortex? (with pictures). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-gustatory-cortex.htm|http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-gustatory-cortex.htm]]
->
-> “Gustatory” is the technical word for the regular English word “taste.” It comes from the root “*geus-” which etymonline.com describes like this: “Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to taste; to choose." It forms words for "taste" in Greek and Latin, but its descendants in Germanic and Celtic mostly mean "try" or "choose."”
+“Gustatory” is the technical word for the regular English word “taste.” It comes from the root “*geus-” which etymonline.com describes like this: “Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to taste; to choose." It forms words for "taste" in Greek and Latin, but its descendants in Germanic and Celtic mostly mean "try" or "choose."”
->
-> *geus- | Origin and meaning of *geus- by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https://www.etymonline.com/word/*geus-|https://www.etymonline.com/word/*geus-]]
+*geus- | Origin and meaning of *geus- by Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https://www.etymonline.com/word/*geus-|https://www.etymonline.com/word/*geus-]]
->
-> I think it is interesting that “taste” and “choice” are related concepts linguistically.
+I think it is interesting that “taste” and “choice” are related concepts linguistically.
->
-> AnthonyCate
+AnthonyCate
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 ==== Q:  Is gustatory processing in the periphery considered to be more or less complex in terms of evolution than gustatory processing contained within the CNS? ====
-PolarisUnique: “Therefore, it is not surprising that other oral senses modulate taste sensations and that a particular brain circuit should have evolved to assess the multisensory properties of intra-oral stimuli.” de Araujo, I. E., & Simon, S. A. (2009). The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration. //International Journal of Obesity (2005)//, //33//(Suppl 2), S34–S43. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.70|https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.70]]
+PolarisUnique: “Therefore, it is not surprising that other oral senses modulate taste sensations and that a particular brain circuit should have evolved to assess the multisensory properties of intra-oral stimuli.”
+de Araujo, I. E., & Simon, S. A. (2009). The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration. //International Journal of Obesity (2005)//, //33//(Suppl 2), S34–S43. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.70|https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.70]]
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 ==== Q:  What are the main functions of each part of the tongue - in relation to organizing and categorizing tastes? ====
-WindowComrade: There are two cranial nerves responsible for taste perceptions when dealing with the tongue - the glossopharyngeal nerve at the back and the chorda tympani at the front. Taste buds are also important in interpreting taste sensations and sending signals to the brain. (Center for Smell and Taste » The tongue map you learned in school is wrong. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http://cst.ufl.edu/that-neat-and-tidy-map-of-tastes-on-the-tongue-you-learned-in-school-is-all-wrong.html|http://cst.ufl.edu/that-neat-and-tidy-map-of-tastes-on-the-tongue-you-learned-in-school-is-all-wrong.html]])
+WindowComrade: There are two cranial nerves responsible for taste perceptions when dealing with the tongue - the glossopharyngeal nerve at the back and the chorda tympani at the front. Taste buds are also important in interpreting taste sensations and sending signals to the brain.
+(Center for Smell and Taste » The tongue map you learned in school is wrong. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[http://cst.ufl.edu/that-neat-and-tidy-map-of-tastes-on-the-tongue-you-learned-in-school-is-all-wrong.html|http://cst.ufl.edu/that-neat-and-tidy-map-of-tastes-on-the-tongue-you-learned-in-school-is-all-wrong.html]])
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 ==== Q:  What is a segregated pathway? ====
-  * A segregated pathway is used to carry abundant information to a particular location of the brain via multiple pathways as opposed to only one. This increases efficiency and allows information to be processed and transmitted more quickly and without the risk of all of the information being lost if there is damage to one of the pathways.
+A segregated pathway is used to carry abundant information to a particular location of the brain via multiple pathways as opposed to only one. This increases efficiency and allows information to be processed and transmitted more quickly and without the risk of all of the information being lost if there is damage to one of the pathways.
-  * Cloutman, L. L., Binney, R. J., Morris, D. M., Parker, G. J. M., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Using in vivo probabilistic tractography to reveal two segregated dorsal ‘language-cognitive’ pathways in the human brain. //Brain and Language//, //127//(2), 230–240.
-  * [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.005|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.005]]DecimalSponsor
+Cloutman, L. L., Binney, R. J., Morris, D. M., Parker, G. J. M., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Using in vivo probabilistic tractography to reveal two segregated dorsal ‘language-cognitive’ pathways in the human brain. //Brain and Language//, //127//(2), 230–240. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.005|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.005]]
+DecimalSponsor
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-==== Q:  can certain types of brain trauma affect the functioning of the gustatory system? ====
+==== Q:  Can certain types of brain trauma affect the functioning of the gustatory system? ====
 Taste Perception: The primary taste cortex is located in the rostrodorsal insula. Damage to the right insula caused ipsilateral taste recognition and intensity deficits. Damage to the left insula caused ipsilateral deficit in taste intensity and a bilateral deficit in taste intensity. Taste information from both sides of the tongue goes through the left insula, based on the testing done with left-hemisphere stroke patients.
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 -PoloBravo
-  * **“Olfactory dysfunction is common following traumatic brain injury, occurring in approximately 20% of patients depending on the mechanism of injury… In contrast, gustatory disturbances are infrequent, occurring in less than 1% of cases;” “With the higher prevalence of traumatic injuries to the olfactory system than the gustatory system, it follows that patients with brain injury reporting taste disturbances more likely have olfactory deficits.” **
+  * “Olfactory dysfunction is common following traumatic brain injury, occurring in approximately 20% of patients depending on the mechanism of injury… In contrast, gustatory disturbances are infrequent, occurring in less than 1% of cases;” “With the higher prevalence of traumatic injuries to the olfactory system than the gustatory system, it follows that patients with brain injury reporting taste disturbances more likely have olfactory deficits.”
-    * **Reiter and Costanzo, “Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury.”**
+    * Reiter and Costanzo, “Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury.”
-    * **[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798071/|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798071/]] --RespondLlama**
+    * [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798071/|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798071/]] --RespondLlama
-> **Reiter, E. R., & Costanzo, R. M. (2012). Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment and Management. //International Neurotrauma Letter//, //23//, 3.**
+> Reiter, E. R., & Costanzo, R. M. (2012). Chemosensory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment and Management. //International Neurotrauma Letter//, //23//, 3.
-**“Therefore, it is clear that alterations in digestive physiology have a significant effect on taste responses in neurons located at the first synaptic relay along the taste system.” **
+“Therefore, it is clear that alterations in digestive physiology have a significant effect on taste responses in neurons located at the first synaptic relay along the taste system.”
-**This states that digestive physiological changes in an individual can affect the ability of that individual to process taste stimuli. This could extend beyond just brain trauma, but I think that the gustatory system in the body is complex and involved enough that even subtle, seemingly unrelated systems in the body really could affect taste responses in neurons.**
+This states that digestive physiological changes in an individual can affect the ability of that individual to process taste stimuli. This could extend beyond just brain trauma, but I think that the gustatory system in the body is complex and involved enough that even subtle, seemingly unrelated systems in the body really could affect taste responses in neurons.
-**“Better control of dietary compensation is highly desirable and needed.” **
+“Better control of dietary compensation is highly desirable and needed.”
-**Individuals’ bodies will naturally attempt to develop a proper healthy dietary system, and trauma to these processes within the body effect large portions of bodily functions as a result. Trauma to the body greatly affects the body’s ability to properly and efficiently process taste stimuli, and this includes trauma to the brain.**
+Individuals’ bodies will naturally attempt to develop a proper healthy dietary system, and trauma to these processes within the body effect large portions of bodily functions as a result. Trauma to the body greatly affects the body’s ability to properly and efficiently process taste stimuli, and this includes trauma to the brain.
-**Hill, David L. “Neural Plasticity in the Gustatory System.” //Nutrition Reviews// 62, no. 11 Pt 2 (November 2004): S208–41.**
+Hill, David L. “Neural Plasticity in the Gustatory System.” //Nutrition Reviews// 62, no. 11 Pt 2 (November 2004): S208–41.
-**Karasov, William H., and Angela E. Douglas. “Comparative Digestive Physiology.” //Comprehensive Physiology// 3, no. 2 (April 2013): 741–83.** **[[https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110054|https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110054]].**
+Karasov, William H., and Angela E. Douglas. “Comparative Digestive Physiology.” //Comprehensive Physiology// 3, no. 2 (April 2013): 741–83.** **[[https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110054|https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110054]].
-**Morais, S., L. E. C. Conceição, I. Rønnestad, W. Koven, C. Cahu, J. L. Zambonino Infante, and M. T. Dinis. “Dietary Neutral Lipid Level and Source in Marine Fish Larvae: Effects on Digestive Physiology and Food Intake.” //Aquaculture//, Larvi 2005, 268, no. 1 (August 22, 2007): 106–22.** **[[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.033|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.033]].**
+Morais, S., L. E. C. Conceição, I. Rønnestad, W. Koven, C. Cahu, J. L. Zambonino Infante, and M. T. Dinis. “Dietary Neutral Lipid Level and Source in Marine Fish Larvae: Effects on Digestive Physiology and Food Intake.” //Aquaculture//, Larvi 2005, 268, no. 1 (August 22, 2007): 106–22. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.033|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.033]].
-**--AgentCharter**
+--AgentCharter
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 ==== Q:  How would future experiments delve into the other parts of the food stimulus? ====
-**ExactTulip: “Gustatory dysfunction may indeed be related to the normal ageing process. However, in many cases, what is perceived as a taste defect is truly a primary defect in olfaction. Other than smell dysfunction, the most frequent causes of taste dysfunction are prior upper respiratory infection, head injury, drug use, and idiopathic causes.” **
+ExactTulip: “Gustatory dysfunction may indeed be related to the normal ageing process. However, in many cases, what is perceived as a taste defect is truly a primary defect in olfaction. Other than smell dysfunction, the most frequent causes of taste dysfunction are prior upper respiratory infection, head injury, drug use, and idiopathic causes.”
-**Boyce, J. M., & Shone, G. R. (2006). Effects of ageing on smell and taste. //Postgraduate Medical Journal//, //82//(966), 239–241.** [[https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.039453|**https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.039453**]]
+Boyce, J. M., & Shone, G. R. (2006). Effects of ageing on smell and taste. //Postgraduate Medical Journal//, //82//(966), 239–241. [[https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.039453|https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.039453]]
 Hunger triggers endocannabinoid receptors, making your olfactory system more sensitive and more active, to salt and sugar in particular. Future experiments could study how the increased activity of the endocannabinoid receptors affect binge eating and/or how its effects vary by culture. (CoolActive)
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 ====== Bibliography ======
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 Are kids’ taste buds different from adults’? (2009, September 21). Retrieved January 29, 2019, from [[https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/menus/kids-taste-buds.htm|https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/menus/kids-taste-buds.htm]]