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teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_memory [2019/08/12 14:25] – [Brain region chosen for the term] anthonyteaching:cndm:cndm_topic_memory [2019/09/30 13:20] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 66.249.65.215
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 +[[teaching:cndm:cndm_guides|Back to topics page]]
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 ====== Topic: Episodic Memory ====== ====== Topic: Episodic Memory ======
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-2019-03-24 
  
 A fundamental decision we have to make in our daily lives is whether our impressions really correspond to memories of events we experienced. A fundamental decision we have to make in our daily lives is whether our impressions really correspond to memories of events we experienced.
  
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 ====== Article Discussed ====== ====== Article Discussed ======
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 Rugg, M. D., & Vilberg, K. L. (2013). Brain networks underlying episodic memory retrieval. //Current Opinion in Neurobiology//, //23//(2), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.11.005 Rugg, M. D., & Vilberg, K. L. (2013). Brain networks underlying episodic memory retrieval. //Current Opinion in Neurobiology//, //23//(2), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.11.005
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 ====== Brief summary ====== ====== Brief summary ======
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 The main topic of this article is the relationship between the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and episodic memory. More specifically, the article looks to determine the network for retrieval of episodic memories within the different regions of the MTL. Many of the students’ questions showed a desire to understand the functions and locations of the lesser known MTL brain regions such as the perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal regions. Class discussion was more in depth about other functions of the MTL in addition to trying to understand what the lines on the bar graph represented in Figure 1. The main topic of this article is the relationship between the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and episodic memory. More specifically, the article looks to determine the network for retrieval of episodic memories within the different regions of the MTL. Many of the students’ questions showed a desire to understand the functions and locations of the lesser known MTL brain regions such as the perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal regions. Class discussion was more in depth about other functions of the MTL in addition to trying to understand what the lines on the bar graph represented in Figure 1.
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 The second unanswered question was about the medial temporal lobe and the role it might play in other types of memory in addition to episodic memory. In summary, the MTL likely plays a role in other types of memory such as semantic memory. The second unanswered question was about the medial temporal lobe and the role it might play in other types of memory in addition to episodic memory. In summary, the MTL likely plays a role in other types of memory such as semantic memory.
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 ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ====== ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ======
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 Neurosynth term: “episodic memory” Neurosynth term: “episodic memory”
  
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 ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles:  ===== ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles:  =====
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 1: Palombo DJ, Bacopulos A, Amaral RSC, Olsen RK, Todd RM, Anderson AK, Levine B. Episodic autobiographical memory is associated with variation in the size of hippocampal subregions. Hippocampus. 2018 Feb;28(2):69-75. doi:10.1002/hipo.22818. Epub 2018 Jan 6. PubMed PMID: 29171926. 1: Palombo DJ, Bacopulos A, Amaral RSC, Olsen RK, Todd RM, Anderson AK, Levine B. Episodic autobiographical memory is associated with variation in the size of hippocampal subregions. Hippocampus. 2018 Feb;28(2):69-75. doi:10.1002/hipo.22818. Epub 2018 Jan 6. PubMed PMID: 29171926.
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 5: Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jan;140(1):69-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033722. Epub 2013 Aug 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23914721. 5: Brewin CR. Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull. 2014 Jan;140(1):69-97. doi: 10.1037/a0033722. Epub 2013 Aug 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23914721.
  
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 ===== Top 5 Neurosynth articles ===== ===== Top 5 Neurosynth articles =====
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 Bai, F., Yuan, Y., Yu, H., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Plastic modulation of episodic memory networks in the aging brain with cognitive decline. //Behavioural Brain Research//, //308//, 38–45. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.022|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.022]] Bai, F., Yuan, Y., Yu, H., & Zhang, Z. (2016). Plastic modulation of episodic memory networks in the aging brain with cognitive decline. //Behavioural Brain Research//, //308//, 38–45. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.022|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.022]]
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 Riggins, T., Geng, F., Blankenship, S. L., & Redcay, E. (2016). Hippocampal functional connectivity and episodic memory in early childhood. //Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience//, //19//, 58–69. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.002|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.002]] Riggins, T., Geng, F., Blankenship, S. L., & Redcay, E. (2016). Hippocampal functional connectivity and episodic memory in early childhood. //Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience//, //19//, 58–69. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.002|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.002]]
  
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 ===== Neurosynth map for the term ===== ===== Neurosynth map for the term =====
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 {{teaching:image1_memory.png}} {{teaching:image1_memory.png}}
  
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 ====== Questions Posed by the Class ====== ====== Questions Posed by the Class ======
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 ===== Defining terminology ===== ===== Defining terminology =====
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 ==== Q:  What is the dual-process model of memory and its various parts as talked about in the article?                                                      ==== ==== Q:  What is the dual-process model of memory and its various parts as talked about in the article?                                                      ====
  
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 **                                ** **                                **
  
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 ==== Q:  What does the article mean by the term ‘multi-dimensional’ when discussing recollection signals? ==== ==== Q:  What does the article mean by the term ‘multi-dimensional’ when discussing recollection signals? ====
  
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 **Socialanvil** **Socialanvil**
  
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 ==== Q:  What is non-spatial contextual information? ==== ==== Q:  What is non-spatial contextual information? ====
  
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 **SuperMobile** **SuperMobile**
  
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 ===== Understanding the regions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) ===== ===== Understanding the regions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) =====
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 ==== Q:  Can someone find a diagram or brain image of the MTL? ==== ==== Q:  Can someone find a diagram or brain image of the MTL? ====
  
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 **TelecomElegant** **TelecomElegant**
  
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 ==== Q:  What is the perirhinal cortex? ==== ==== Q:  What is the perirhinal cortex? ====
  
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 **CoolActive** **CoolActive**
  
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 ==== Q:  What are the differences between the hippocampal and parahippocampal in terms of location and function? ==== ==== Q:  What are the differences between the hippocampal and parahippocampal in terms of location and function? ====
  
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 **PoloBravo** **PoloBravo**
  
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 ==== Q:  What is the function of the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices and how do they support the hippocampus with recollection? ==== ==== Q:  What is the function of the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices and how do they support the hippocampus with recollection? ====
  
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 **WindowComrade** **WindowComrade**
  
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 ==== Q:  In the article it states that key brain areas for memory include: hippocampus, surrounding perirhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Are these the only regions associated with memory or are there more? ==== ==== Q:  In the article it states that key brain areas for memory include: hippocampus, surrounding perirhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Are these the only regions associated with memory or are there more? ====
  
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 **VideoSport** **VideoSport**
  
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 ==== Q:  What other function is the perirhinal cortex involved in? ==== ==== Q:  What other function is the perirhinal cortex involved in? ====
  
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 **PolarisUnique** **PolarisUnique**
  
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 ==== Q:  What role does the hippocampus play in procedural memory? ==== ==== Q:  What role does the hippocampus play in procedural memory? ====
  
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 **ExactTulip** **ExactTulip**
  
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 ==== Q:  Are the MTL regions only active and related to episodic memory? or are they involved in other types of memory too like semantic memory, working memory, etc? ==== ==== Q:  Are the MTL regions only active and related to episodic memory? or are they involved in other types of memory too like semantic memory, working memory, etc? ====
  
 MTL regions are not only active and related to episodic memory. One study examining the MTL’s role in episodic and semantic memory found that the MTL is active in both episodic memory retrieval and semantic memory retrieval (Ryan, Lin, Ketcham, & Nadel, 2010). However, there was increased activation of the MTL and specifically the hippocampus when retrieving episodic memories compared to semantic memories (Ryan, Lin, Ketcham, & Nadel, 2010). This suggests that while the MTL likely does play a role in semantic memory retrieval, it may not be nearly as important as it is in episodic memory retrieval. As for working memory, another study tried to determine if there was any evidence to suggest MTL played a role in working memory, and like many studies before it, the researchers were unable to find significant data and concluded the two were independent of each other (Jeneson & Squire, 2012). Conversely, one website mentions the dentate gyrus as being closely associated with working memory, and the dentate gyrus is part of the MTL by being tied to the hippocampus (“The mediotemporal lobe | About memory,” n.d.). Therefore, it appears as if more research would help in determining the exact extent of MTL’s role in working memory, assuming there is one at all. MTL regions are not only active and related to episodic memory. One study examining the MTL’s role in episodic and semantic memory found that the MTL is active in both episodic memory retrieval and semantic memory retrieval (Ryan, Lin, Ketcham, & Nadel, 2010). However, there was increased activation of the MTL and specifically the hippocampus when retrieving episodic memories compared to semantic memories (Ryan, Lin, Ketcham, & Nadel, 2010). This suggests that while the MTL likely does play a role in semantic memory retrieval, it may not be nearly as important as it is in episodic memory retrieval. As for working memory, another study tried to determine if there was any evidence to suggest MTL played a role in working memory, and like many studies before it, the researchers were unable to find significant data and concluded the two were independent of each other (Jeneson & Squire, 2012). Conversely, one website mentions the dentate gyrus as being closely associated with working memory, and the dentate gyrus is part of the MTL by being tied to the hippocampus (“The mediotemporal lobe | About memory,” n.d.). Therefore, it appears as if more research would help in determining the exact extent of MTL’s role in working memory, assuming there is one at all.
  
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 ===== Applying terminology and providing examples ===== ===== Applying terminology and providing examples =====
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 ==== Q:  What is an example of a time when episodic memory is used? ==== ==== Q:  What is an example of a time when episodic memory is used? ====
  
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 **IsotopeNirvana** **IsotopeNirvana**
  
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 ==== Q:  What is a good example that describes differences between familiarity and recollection? ==== ==== Q:  What is a good example that describes differences between familiarity and recollection? ====
  
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 **ShelfOpus** **ShelfOpus**
  
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 ===== Navigating neuroscience research methods ===== ===== Navigating neuroscience research methods =====
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 ==== Q:  What does the line within the bar graph mean? ==== ==== Q:  What does the line within the bar graph mean? ====
  
 The article contains a bar graph seen in Figure 1 that shows data “for test items endorsed as familiar(K) or recollected(R)” (Rugg and Vilberg, 2013, p. 256). Further, these items were categorized based on memory judgement into four categories: R-high (high confidence), R-mod (moderate confidence), or R-weak (low confidence) (Rugg and Vilberg, 2013). The bar graph shows lines through each of the four bars; these lines represent standard deviation error bars (“What are errorbars, anyways?”, 2014). Error bars are included on bar graphs to show how the data is spread around the mean. The error bars for R-high and R-mod, and R-weak and K, show significant overlap, showing that the difference between them is not statistically significant. The error bars for R-mod and R-weak show no overlap, meaning that the difference between them is statistically significant (“Interpreting Error Bars”, n.d.). The article contains a bar graph seen in Figure 1 that shows data “for test items endorsed as familiar(K) or recollected(R)” (Rugg and Vilberg, 2013, p. 256). Further, these items were categorized based on memory judgement into four categories: R-high (high confidence), R-mod (moderate confidence), or R-weak (low confidence) (Rugg and Vilberg, 2013). The bar graph shows lines through each of the four bars; these lines represent standard deviation error bars (“What are errorbars, anyways?”, 2014). Error bars are included on bar graphs to show how the data is spread around the mean. The error bars for R-high and R-mod, and R-weak and K, show significant overlap, showing that the difference between them is not statistically significant. The error bars for R-mod and R-weak show no overlap, meaning that the difference between them is statistically significant (“Interpreting Error Bars”, n.d.).
  
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 ==== Q:  Are there methods other than an fMRI that would result in more conclusive evidence about the hippocampus role in episodic memory? ==== ==== Q:  Are there methods other than an fMRI that would result in more conclusive evidence about the hippocampus role in episodic memory? ====
  
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 **Optiontemple** **Optiontemple**
  
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 ==== Q:  What exactly are animal lesion studies? ==== ==== Q:  What exactly are animal lesion studies? ====
  
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 **SodaOxford** **SodaOxford**
  
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 ==== Q:  The article references a single human case study. Since it is just one case study is it appropriate to reference this study in the paper? ==== ==== Q:  The article references a single human case study. Since it is just one case study is it appropriate to reference this study in the paper? ====
  
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 **RavioliJaguar** **RavioliJaguar**
  
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 ==== Q:  What other research/studies deal with recollection signal? ==== ==== Q:  What other research/studies deal with recollection signal? ====
  
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 **ZeroCanary** **ZeroCanary**
  
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 ===== Deceiving memories ===== ===== Deceiving memories =====
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 ==== Q:  Do you think that episodic memory can lead to false memory creation of events? ==== ==== Q:  Do you think that episodic memory can lead to false memory creation of events? ====
  
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 **MileImport** **MileImport**
  
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 ==== Q:  Is it true that the strength of a memory to a person is not actually directly related to whether or not the memory is true? ==== ==== Q:  Is it true that the strength of a memory to a person is not actually directly related to whether or not the memory is true? ====
  
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 > Ferree, N. K., & Cahill, L. (2009). Post-event spontaneous intrusive recollections and strength of memory for emotional events in men and women. //Consciousness and Cognition//, //18//(1), 126–134. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.008|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.008]] > Ferree, N. K., & Cahill, L. (2009). Post-event spontaneous intrusive recollections and strength of memory for emotional events in men and women. //Consciousness and Cognition//, //18//(1), 126–134. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.008|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.11.008]]
  
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 ==== Q:  How do traumatic events affect how episodic memory is retrieved? I’ve heard that the mind “blocks” out memories that are too painful to remember or can even make new ones to replace it. ==== ==== Q:  How do traumatic events affect how episodic memory is retrieved? I’ve heard that the mind “blocks” out memories that are too painful to remember or can even make new ones to replace it. ====
  
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 **RespondLlama** **RespondLlama**
  
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 ===== Improving memories ===== ===== Improving memories =====
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 ==== Q:  If these findings suggest that the construct of memory strength does not provide a full account of retrieval-related hippocampal activity, what studies have been conducted to account to supplement memory strength? ==== ==== Q:  If these findings suggest that the construct of memory strength does not provide a full account of retrieval-related hippocampal activity, what studies have been conducted to account to supplement memory strength? ====
  
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 **DivideSegment** **DivideSegment**
  
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 ==== Q:  Is episodic memory or other forms of memory more important for doing well on college exams? It is said that people do better on exams when they take the exam in the same room as the subject was taught. Is this due to episodic memory? What part of the brain is primarily responsible for this type of information recall? ==== ==== Q:  Is episodic memory or other forms of memory more important for doing well on college exams? It is said that people do better on exams when they take the exam in the same room as the subject was taught. Is this due to episodic memory? What part of the brain is primarily responsible for this type of information recall? ====
  
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 **BanditMeter** **BanditMeter**
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 ====== Bibliography ====== ====== Bibliography ======
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 Aminoff, E. M., Kveraga, K., & Bar, M. (2013). The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //17//(8), 379–390. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009]] Aminoff, E. M., Kveraga, K., & Bar, M. (2013). The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //17//(8), 379–390. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009]]
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 Yonelinas, A. P., Aly, M., Wang, W.-C., & Koen, J. D. (2010). Recollection and Familiarity: Examining Controversial Assumptions and New Directions. //Hippocampus//, //20//(11), 1178–1194. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20864|https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20864]] Yonelinas, A. P., Aly, M., Wang, W.-C., & Koen, J. D. (2010). Recollection and Familiarity: Examining Controversial Assumptions and New Directions. //Hippocampus//, //20//(11), 1178–1194. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20864|https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20864]]
  
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 +=== Date of summary document ===
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 +2019-03-24
  
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_memory.1565634329.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/12 14:25 by anthony