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teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_movement [2019/08/16 12:43] – anthonyteaching:cndm:cndm_topic_movement [2019/08/18 17:53] (current) – anthony
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 ====== Topic: Movement ====== ====== Topic: Movement ======
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 Deciding when and how to move is a constant, but usually automatic, decision we make. Deciding when and how to move is a constant, but usually automatic, decision we make.
  
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 Parker, E. S., Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (2006). A case of unusual autobiographical remembering. //Neurocase, 12//(1), 35-49. doi:10.1080/13554790500473680 Parker, E. S., Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (2006). A case of unusual autobiographical remembering. //Neurocase, 12//(1), 35-49. doi:10.1080/13554790500473680
  
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 ==== Q:  Could someone explain what podokinetic information is and provide some examples? ==== ==== Q:  Could someone explain what podokinetic information is and provide some examples? ====
  
 **ExactTulip: “**Podokinetic after-rotation (PKAR) is a phenomenon in which subjects inadvertently rotate when instructed to step in place after a period of walking on a rotating treadmill (Scott, Lohnes, Horak, & Earhart, 2011).” **ExactTulip: “**Podokinetic after-rotation (PKAR) is a phenomenon in which subjects inadvertently rotate when instructed to step in place after a period of walking on a rotating treadmill (Scott, Lohnes, Horak, & Earhart, 2011).”
  
-Scott, J. T., Lohnes, C. A., Horak, F. B., & Earhart, G. M. (2011). Podokinetic Stimulation +Scott, J. T., Lohnes, C. A., Horak, F. B., & Earhart, G. M. (2011). Podokinetic Stimulation Causes Shifts in Perception of Straight Ahead. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 208(3), 313–321. [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2480-3|https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2480-3]]
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-Causes Shifts in Perception of Straight Ahead. Experimental Brain Research. +
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-Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 208(3), 313–321. +
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-[[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2480-3|https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2480-3]]+
  
 This journal article analyzes the phenomenon called podokinetic after-rotation, another way of describing how when someone is blindfolded after walking on a rotating treadmill and afterwards asked to stand still for a period of time, tend to rotate their body unknowingly as if they were still on the treadmill. A similar example of this type of locomotive behavior includes someone being on a boat for a period of time, then after returning to land, still experiencing the feeling and movements that occurred while being on the boat. This journal article analyzes the phenomenon called podokinetic after-rotation, another way of describing how when someone is blindfolded after walking on a rotating treadmill and afterwards asked to stand still for a period of time, tend to rotate their body unknowingly as if they were still on the treadmill. A similar example of this type of locomotive behavior includes someone being on a boat for a period of time, then after returning to land, still experiencing the feeling and movements that occurred while being on the boat.
  
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 ==== Q:  What is podokinetic information and how does it relate to motor stimulation? ==== ==== Q:  What is podokinetic information and how does it relate to motor stimulation? ====
  
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 > Weber, K. D., W. A. Fletcher, C. R. Gordon, G. Melvill Jones, and E. W. Block. “Motor Learning in the ‘Podokinetic’ System and Its Role in Spatial Orientation during Locomotion.” //Experimental Brain Research// 120, no. 3 (June 1998): 377–85. > Weber, K. D., W. A. Fletcher, C. R. Gordon, G. Melvill Jones, and E. W. Block. “Motor Learning in the ‘Podokinetic’ System and Its Role in Spatial Orientation during Locomotion.” //Experimental Brain Research// 120, no. 3 (June 1998): 377–85.
  
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 ==== Q:  In what part of the brain is the podokinetic motor sensory system active? ==== ==== Q:  In what part of the brain is the podokinetic motor sensory system active? ====
  
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 This spatial retrieval task was the landmark position retrieval. The hypothesis was confirmed because the ankle weighted participants had a harder time with landmark position retrieval. (all from the article) This spatial retrieval task was the landmark position retrieval. The hypothesis was confirmed because the ankle weighted participants had a harder time with landmark position retrieval. (all from the article)
  
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 ==== Q:  What does the inferior parietal lobe do? And does it interact with the temporal lobe when semantic memory is occuring ==== ==== Q:  What does the inferior parietal lobe do? And does it interact with the temporal lobe when semantic memory is occuring ====
  
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 > Freund, H.-J. (2003). Somatosensory and motor disturbances in patients with parietal lobe lesions. //Advances in Neurology//, //93//, 179–193. > Freund, H.-J. (2003). Somatosensory and motor disturbances in patients with parietal lobe lesions. //Advances in Neurology//, //93//, 179–193.
  
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 ==== Q:  If you know the start location and the end location, can you find a route through spatial surveying? Can you use assumptions? For example on long road trips you may not know the exact way, but you know generally and could give directions? ==== ==== Q:  If you know the start location and the end location, can you find a route through spatial surveying? Can you use assumptions? For example on long road trips you may not know the exact way, but you know generally and could give directions? ====
  
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 (Leentjens & Levenson, 2013) (Leentjens & Levenson, 2013)
  
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 ==== Q:  Do you think if the age group in this study was increased that it would change results significantly? ==== ==== Q:  Do you think if the age group in this study was increased that it would change results significantly? ====
  
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 DivideSegment: I think it also depends on the weight of the backpack. On a typical day my backpack isn’t too heavy and I barely notice it due to the frequency on having it on, but on day’s when it is particularly heavy I notice the extra weight and definitely feel as if I am going slower. DivideSegment: I think it also depends on the weight of the backpack. On a typical day my backpack isn’t too heavy and I barely notice it due to the frequency on having it on, but on day’s when it is particularly heavy I notice the extra weight and definitely feel as if I am going slower.
  
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 ==== Q:  The article references a different study stating, “it has been shown that individuals tend to estimate slopes in front of them as steeper if they wear a heavy backpack (Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999).” What are the evolutionary benefits of this error in perception? ==== ==== Q:  The article references a different study stating, “it has been shown that individuals tend to estimate slopes in front of them as steeper if they wear a heavy backpack (Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999).” What are the evolutionary benefits of this error in perception? ====
  
 When you wear a backpack or have a heavy weight attached to you it is going to take more energy to climb a slope or perform physical tasks((Keren et al., “The Energy Cost of Walking and Running with and without a Backpack Load.”)). By overestimating the steepness of the slope, people are evaluating a greater amount of difficulty for the climb, which is accurate. Evolutionarily, I’m assuming that this would allow people to make more accurate assessments of their capabilities while carrying something and thus allow them to not overestimate their abilities and harm themselves in the process. It may be particularly important that people view the slopes as steeper rather than simply acknowledge that the task is more difficult due to the weight because people have a tendency to take risks and overestimate their capabilities ((Sandseter and Kennair, 2011)). When you wear a backpack or have a heavy weight attached to you it is going to take more energy to climb a slope or perform physical tasks((Keren et al., “The Energy Cost of Walking and Running with and without a Backpack Load.”)). By overestimating the steepness of the slope, people are evaluating a greater amount of difficulty for the climb, which is accurate. Evolutionarily, I’m assuming that this would allow people to make more accurate assessments of their capabilities while carrying something and thus allow them to not overestimate their abilities and harm themselves in the process. It may be particularly important that people view the slopes as steeper rather than simply acknowledge that the task is more difficult due to the weight because people have a tendency to take risks and overestimate their capabilities ((Sandseter and Kennair, 2011)).
  
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 ==== Q:  The article made me think about our increasing dependence on technology to guide us to and from a destination instead of planning the route ourselves. Has society’s reliance on GPSs weakened our spatial skills? ==== ==== Q:  The article made me think about our increasing dependence on technology to guide us to and from a destination instead of planning the route ourselves. Has society’s reliance on GPSs weakened our spatial skills? ====
  
 There is significantly less active engagement with the environment when people use GPS navigation instead of planning a route with a map or based on previous knowledge of an area. This lack of engagement can certainly contribute to people mindlessly travelling and therefore can affect our spatial skills due to a lack of experience. Based on the research I found, there is not a huge effect from GPS itself, but it is society’s reliance that can cause these weakened skills. There is significantly less active engagement with the environment when people use GPS navigation instead of planning a route with a map or based on previous knowledge of an area. This lack of engagement can certainly contribute to people mindlessly travelling and therefore can affect our spatial skills due to a lack of experience. Based on the research I found, there is not a huge effect from GPS itself, but it is society’s reliance that can cause these weakened skills.
  
-Leshed, G., Velden, T., Rieger, O., Kot, B., & Sengers, P. (2008). In-car Gps Navigation: +Leshed, G., Velden, T., Rieger, O., Kot, B., & Sengers, P. (2008). In-car Gps Navigation: Engagement with and Disengagement from the Environment. In //Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems// (pp. 1675–1684). New York, NY, USA: ACM. [[https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357316|https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357316]]
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-> Engagement with and Disengagement from the Environment. In //Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems// (pp. 1675–1684). New York, NY, USA: ACM. +
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-[[https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357316|https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357316]]+
  
 The increasing use of GPS navigation changes the way drivers interact with their environment which effects how/ where they apply their spatial cognitive skills. Following simple turn by turn instructions allows us to focus our spatial resources less on the environment and more on other things in the car such as the radio, cell phone and conversations within the vehicle. This ultimately de-skills our spatial cognitive skills. However there are navigation assistance systems that can help overcome spatial deskilling. Studies have shown that North-up GPS is better for spatial knowledge acquisition vs Track-up GPS. Example, driving south on I-81 on a North-up map would show the arrow pointing south. A Track-up GPS (more common, seen on ways and Google maps) would show you driving straight north all the time. Several studies have also shown that landmarks on GPS can help improve spatial skills. “Landmarks are external reference points that can serve as key navigation cues which are easily remembered and recognized.” The increasing use of GPS navigation changes the way drivers interact with their environment which effects how/ where they apply their spatial cognitive skills. Following simple turn by turn instructions allows us to focus our spatial resources less on the environment and more on other things in the car such as the radio, cell phone and conversations within the vehicle. This ultimately de-skills our spatial cognitive skills. However there are navigation assistance systems that can help overcome spatial deskilling. Studies have shown that North-up GPS is better for spatial knowledge acquisition vs Track-up GPS. Example, driving south on I-81 on a North-up map would show the arrow pointing south. A Track-up GPS (more common, seen on ways and Google maps) would show you driving straight north all the time. Several studies have also shown that landmarks on GPS can help improve spatial skills. “Landmarks are external reference points that can serve as key navigation cues which are easily remembered and recognized.”
  
-Gramann, K., Hoepner, P., & Karrer-Gauss, K. (2017). Modified Navigation Instructions for +Gramann, K., Hoepner, P., & Karrer-Gauss, K. (2017). Modified Navigation Instructions for Spatial Navigation Assistance Systems Lead to Incidental Spatial Learning. //Frontiers in Psychology//, //8//. [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00193|https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00193]]
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-Spatial Navigation Assistance Systems Lead to Incidental Spatial Learning. //Frontiers // +
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-//in Psychology//, //8//. [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00193|https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00193]]+
  
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 ==== Q:  How could this research be used to help amputees or those with prosthetic limbs? ==== ==== Q:  How could this research be used to help amputees or those with prosthetic limbs? ====
  
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 Mokienko, O. A., Chervyakov, A. V., Kulikova, S. N., Bobrov, P. D., Chernikova, L. A., Frolov, A. A., & Piradov, M. A. (2013). Increased motor cortex excitability during motor imagery in brain-computer interface trained subjects_movement. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2013.00168 Mokienko, O. A., Chervyakov, A. V., Kulikova, S. N., Bobrov, P. D., Chernikova, L. A., Frolov, A. A., & Piradov, M. A. (2013). Increased motor cortex excitability during motor imagery in brain-computer interface trained subjects_movement. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2013.00168
  
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 ==== Q: : Related: The chapter mentions that familiarity tends to put us in a better mood and leads us to “let down our guard.” Where in everyday life can this cause problems? What are some applicable solutions? ==== ==== Q: : Related: The chapter mentions that familiarity tends to put us in a better mood and leads us to “let down our guard.” Where in everyday life can this cause problems? What are some applicable solutions? ====
  
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 If we are too relaxed and “let our guards down,” we will have a lack of arousal that can lead to poor performance. The optimal arousal for something we are good at is higher than the optimal arousal for something we are bad at or uncomfortable with. If we are too relaxed and “let our guards down,” we will have a lack of arousal that can lead to poor performance. The optimal arousal for something we are good at is higher than the optimal arousal for something we are bad at or uncomfortable with.
  
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 ==== Q: Related: Can holding a pencil between your teeth (forcing you to smile) be useful in some types of therapy to cure depression? ==== ==== Q: Related: Can holding a pencil between your teeth (forcing you to smile) be useful in some types of therapy to cure depression? ====
  
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 This article shows that the effects of smiling and laughing do have a significant impact on mood. Because of this, forcing smiles can be useful for depression but there are underlying causes of depression that would not be changed just from forcing a smile. This article shows that the effects of smiling and laughing do have a significant impact on mood. Because of this, forcing smiles can be useful for depression but there are underlying causes of depression that would not be changed just from forcing a smile.
  
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 ==== Q:  What are some examples of the new techniques for information representation and manipulation mentioned in the article? ==== ==== Q:  What are some examples of the new techniques for information representation and manipulation mentioned in the article? ====
  
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 +=== Date of summary document ===
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 +2019-02-28
  
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_movement.1565973806.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/16 12:43 by anthony