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teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_reasoning [2019/08/09 11:59] – ↷ Page moved from teaching:cndm_topic_reasoning to teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_reasoning anthonyteaching:cndm:cndm_topic_reasoning [2019/09/30 13:20] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 66.249.65.213
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 +[[teaching:cndm:cndm_guides|Back to topics page]]
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 ====== Topic: Reasoning ====== ====== Topic: Reasoning ======
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-2019- 04-12 
  
 +Strategic thinking about problems and decisions. 
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 ====== Article Discussed ====== ====== Article Discussed ======
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 Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1999). Deductive Reasoning. //Annual Review of Psychology//, //50//(1), 109–135. [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109|https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109]] Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1999). Deductive Reasoning. //Annual Review of Psychology//, //50//(1), 109–135. [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109|https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.109]]
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 ====== Brief Summary  ====== ====== Brief Summary  ======
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 The topic of this article is on deductive reasoning in the brain. Two different cognitive theories of deduction were explored and clinical evidence that opposed the mental model theory was presented. The critical reading questions focused on topics like how different kinds of brain scans work, the difference between content dependent and content independent theories of reasoning, the types of different problem-solving tasks used in reasoning research and brain hemispheres associated with reasoning, and their similarities and differences. The classroom discussion featured topics such as illusions, intensity matching, affect heuristics, and substitution questions. The topic of this article is on deductive reasoning in the brain. Two different cognitive theories of deduction were explored and clinical evidence that opposed the mental model theory was presented. The critical reading questions focused on topics like how different kinds of brain scans work, the difference between content dependent and content independent theories of reasoning, the types of different problem-solving tasks used in reasoning research and brain hemispheres associated with reasoning, and their similarities and differences. The classroom discussion featured topics such as illusions, intensity matching, affect heuristics, and substitution questions.
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 The second unanswered question was asking if there was further investigation (again because the article was from 1998) on preliminary conclusions via “contemporary neuroimaging.” The second unanswered question was asking if there was further investigation (again because the article was from 1998) on preliminary conclusions via “contemporary neuroimaging.”
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 ====== Cognitive Process Neuroimaging Analysis  ====== ====== Cognitive Process Neuroimaging Analysis  ======
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 Neurosynth: “reasoning” Neurosynth: “reasoning”
  
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 ===== Top 5 PubMed Articles:  ===== ===== Top 5 PubMed Articles:  =====
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 1: Yazdani S, Hosseinzadeh M, Hosseini F. Models of clinical reasoning with a focus on general practice: A critical review. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2017 Oct;5(4):177-184. PubMed PMID: 28979912; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5611427. 1: Yazdani S, Hosseinzadeh M, Hosseini F. Models of clinical reasoning with a focus on general practice: A critical review. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2017 Oct;5(4):177-184. PubMed PMID: 28979912; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5611427.
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 5: Gilliland S, Wainwright SF. Patterns of Clinical Reasoning in Physical Therapist Students. Phys Ther. 2017 May 1;97(5):499-511. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx028. PubMed PMID: 28371873. 5: Gilliland S, Wainwright SF. Patterns of Clinical Reasoning in Physical Therapist Students. Phys Ther. 2017 May 1;97(5):499-511. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx028. PubMed PMID: 28371873.
  
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 ===== Top 5 Neurosynth Articles:  ===== ===== Top 5 Neurosynth Articles:  =====
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 Eldaief, M. C., Deckersbach, T., Carlson, L. E., Beucke, J. C., & Dougherty, D. D. (2012). Emotional and cognitive stimuli differentially engage the default network during inductive reasoning. //Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience//, //7//(4), 380–392. [[https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr003|https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr003]] Eldaief, M. C., Deckersbach, T., Carlson, L. E., Beucke, J. C., & Dougherty, D. D. (2012). Emotional and cognitive stimuli differentially engage the default network during inductive reasoning. //Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience//, //7//(4), 380–392. [[https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr003|https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr003]]
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 Rodriguez-Moreno, D., & Hirsch, J. (2009). The dynamics of deductive reasoning: an fMRI investigation. //Neuropsychologia//, //47//(4), 949–961. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.030|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.030]] Rodriguez-Moreno, D., & Hirsch, J. (2009). The dynamics of deductive reasoning: an fMRI investigation. //Neuropsychologia//, //47//(4), 949–961. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.030|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.030]]
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 ===== Neurosynth Map for the Term  ===== ===== Neurosynth Map for the Term  =====
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 {{teaching:image1_reasoning.png?295x278}} {{teaching:image1_reasoning.png?295x278}}
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 {{teaching:image2_reasoning.png?302x310}} {{teaching:image2_reasoning.png?302x310}}
  
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 ===== Brain Region Chosen for the Term ===== ===== Brain Region Chosen for the Term =====
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 Brain region “ventromedial prefrontal” also known as the “ventromedial frontal cortex” Brain region “ventromedial prefrontal” also known as the “ventromedial frontal cortex”
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 ===== Other Neurosynth Terms Associated with this Brain Region  ===== ===== Other Neurosynth Terms Associated with this Brain Region  =====
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 MNI Coordinates: 0, 44, -20 MNI Coordinates: 0, 44, -20
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 ====== Questions posed by the class ====== ====== Questions posed by the class ======
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 ===== Background Terms ===== ===== Background Terms =====
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 ==== Q:  What is deductive reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  What is deductive reasoning? ====
  
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 Deductive Reasoning. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from [[https://www.csun.edu/science/ref/reasoning/deductive_reasoning/index.html|https://www.csun.edu/science/ref/reasoning/deductive_reasoning/index.html]] Deductive Reasoning. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from [[https://www.csun.edu/science/ref/reasoning/deductive_reasoning/index.html|https://www.csun.edu/science/ref/reasoning/deductive_reasoning/index.html]]
  
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 ==== Q:  Clarification/Related: What are aphasics? ==== ==== Q:  Clarification/Related: What are aphasics? ====
  
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 [[https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-definitions/|https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-definitions/]] [[https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-definitions/|https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-definitions/]]
  
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 ==== Q:  What are somatic responses? ==== ==== Q:  What are somatic responses? ====
  
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 Gautron, M. & Gulibaud, G. (1982). Somatic responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurons in polyarthritic rats. //Brain Research, 237//(2), 459-471. Gautron, M. & Gulibaud, G. (1982). Somatic responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurons in polyarthritic rats. //Brain Research, 237//(2), 459-471.
  
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 ==== Q:  What exactly are heuristics such as in the heuristic-analytic theory? ==== ==== Q:  What exactly are heuristics such as in the heuristic-analytic theory? ====
  
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 Evans, J. S. B. T. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. //Psychonomic Bulletin & Review//, //13//(3), 378–395. [[https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193858|https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193858]] Evans, J. S. B. T. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. //Psychonomic Bulletin & Review//, //13//(3), 378–395. [[https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193858|https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193858]]
  
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 ==== Q:  How does electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) work? What is it used for? ==== ==== Q:  How does electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) work? What is it used for? ====
  
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 ===== Different Types of Brain Scans and How They Work ===== ===== Different Types of Brain Scans and How They Work =====
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 ==== Q:  How does a PET scan work and what information does it provide to someone conducting a PET study? ==== ==== Q:  How does a PET scan work and what information does it provide to someone conducting a PET study? ====
  
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 [[https://www.healthline.com/health/pet-scan|https://www.healthline.com/health/pet-scan]] [[https://www.healthline.com/health/pet-scan|https://www.healthline.com/health/pet-scan]]
  
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 ==== Q:  What is the difference between an fMRI study and a PET study? ==== ==== Q:  What is the difference between an fMRI study and a PET study? ====
  
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 In a comparison study of PET and fMRI activation patterns during declarative memory processes, PET scans were picked up frontopolar activations that fMRI did not, due to susceptibility artifacts. However, the fMRI scan showed parahippocampal activation and cerebellar activation that the PET scan did not encode. This is most likely because of the whole brain coverage scan that the fMRI can encode. Both scans had a 93% mean recall accuracy so in conclusion, the difference between PET and fMRI scans depends on study design (single subject vs. group study) and the task of interest. ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127048|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127048]]) In a comparison study of PET and fMRI activation patterns during declarative memory processes, PET scans were picked up frontopolar activations that fMRI did not, due to susceptibility artifacts. However, the fMRI scan showed parahippocampal activation and cerebellar activation that the PET scan did not encode. This is most likely because of the whole brain coverage scan that the fMRI can encode. Both scans had a 93% mean recall accuracy so in conclusion, the difference between PET and fMRI scans depends on study design (single subject vs. group study) and the task of interest. ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127048|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127048]])
  
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 ==== Q:  What are some other applications and benefits of PET (positron emission tomography) vs. other neuroimaging techniques? ==== ==== Q:  What are some other applications and benefits of PET (positron emission tomography) vs. other neuroimaging techniques? ====
  
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 -TelecomElegant -TelecomElegant
  
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 ===== Content Dependent and Content Independent Reasoning  ===== ===== Content Dependent and Content Independent Reasoning  =====
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 ==== Q:  What is an example of a content-dependent theory? ==== ==== Q:  What is an example of a content-dependent theory? ====
  
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 “Memory & Learning.” **MoblieSuper** “Memory & Learning.” **MoblieSuper**
  
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 ==== Q:  What is content-independent reasoning vs. content-dependent reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  What is content-independent reasoning vs. content-dependent reasoning? ====
  
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 The article states that there is a neuroanatomical basis for two distinct psychological reasoning systems that operate as a function of the presence or absence of relevant content. Studies indicate “that content-independent, domain-general reasoning is mediated by the left hemisphere, and that content-dependent reasoning is mediated by the right hemisphere along with the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex. However, in normal subjects, even with content-free materials, reasoning inferences might result from the interaction of both systems,” (p.56). The article states that there is a neuroanatomical basis for two distinct psychological reasoning systems that operate as a function of the presence or absence of relevant content. Studies indicate “that content-independent, domain-general reasoning is mediated by the left hemisphere, and that content-dependent reasoning is mediated by the right hemisphere along with the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex. However, in normal subjects, even with content-free materials, reasoning inferences might result from the interaction of both systems,” (p.56).
  
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 ==== Q:  Content has a role in deductive reasoning, and it (content) may change by culture. Are there any studies demonstrating the impact of culture in deductive reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  Content has a role in deductive reasoning, and it (content) may change by culture. Are there any studies demonstrating the impact of culture in deductive reasoning? ====
  
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-====== Cognitive Testing  ======+\\ 
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 +===== Cognitive Testing  ===== 
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 ==== Q:  What is the “Tower of Hanoi” problem solving task? ==== ==== Q:  What is the “Tower of Hanoi” problem solving task? ====
  
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   * Visual and motor reasoning   * Visual and motor reasoning
  
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 ==== Q:  What does the “Raven’s progressive matrices” problem solving task involve? ==== ==== Q:  What does the “Raven’s progressive matrices” problem solving task involve? ====
  
 {{teaching:image4_reasoning.png?202x264}} Ambient Benefit**:** This is a test of fluid intelligence, a factor of general intelligence defined as the capacity to reason and solve problems (“Fluid and crystallized intelligence,” 2019). It is a 60 question, multiple-choice test and questions start out easier and are listed in order of increasing difficulty. Every question consists of a “visual geometric design” with a missing piece (“Raven’s Progressive Matrices,” 2019). {{teaching:image4_reasoning.png?202x264}} Ambient Benefit**:** This is a test of fluid intelligence, a factor of general intelligence defined as the capacity to reason and solve problems (“Fluid and crystallized intelligence,” 2019). It is a 60 question, multiple-choice test and questions start out easier and are listed in order of increasing difficulty. Every question consists of a “visual geometric design” with a missing piece (“Raven’s Progressive Matrices,” 2019).
  
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 ==== Q:  What is an example of cognitive testing that people may experience in life? ==== ==== Q:  What is an example of cognitive testing that people may experience in life? ====
  
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 **ShelfOpus** **ShelfOpus**
  
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 ===== Brain Hemispheres/Regions Associated with Reasoning ===== ===== Brain Hemispheres/Regions Associated with Reasoning =====
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 ==== Q:  Which hemisphere is more important for reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  Which hemisphere is more important for reasoning? ====
  
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 Brain Anatomy, Anatomy of the Human Brain. (n.d.). Retrieved from [[https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm|https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm]] -**SOCIALANVIL** Brain Anatomy, Anatomy of the Human Brain. (n.d.). Retrieved from [[https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm|https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-anatbrain.htm]] -**SOCIALANVIL**
  
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 ==== Q:  Other than inferences by Johnson-Laird, is there any imaging data or studies to confirm that the right cerebral hemisphere plays a significant part in reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  Other than inferences by Johnson-Laird, is there any imaging data or studies to confirm that the right cerebral hemisphere plays a significant part in reasoning? ====
  
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 > Turner, B. O., Marinsek, N., Ryhal, E., & Miller, M. B. (2015). Hemispheric lateralization in reasoning. //Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences//, //1359//, 47–64. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12940|https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12940]] > Turner, B. O., Marinsek, N., Ryhal, E., & Miller, M. B. (2015). Hemispheric lateralization in reasoning. //Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences//, //1359//, 47–64. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12940|https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12940]]
  
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 ==== Q:  Is the right hemisphere the only part of the brain involved in reasoning? Or does the left play some role as well? ==== ==== Q:  Is the right hemisphere the only part of the brain involved in reasoning? Or does the left play some role as well? ====
  
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 Plus the neuroimaging studies from the article we read even agree that the brain works together in reasoning “Clinical and neuroimaging studies appear to show that content-independent reasoning is mediated by the left hemisphere, whereas content-dependent reasoning is mediated by regions in the right hemisphere and the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex.” (“Deductive Reasoning,” n.d.) Plus the neuroimaging studies from the article we read even agree that the brain works together in reasoning “Clinical and neuroimaging studies appear to show that content-independent reasoning is mediated by the left hemisphere, whereas content-dependent reasoning is mediated by regions in the right hemisphere and the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex.” (“Deductive Reasoning,” n.d.)
  
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 ==== Q:  Do the left and right hemisphere work in unison for certain problems? ==== ==== Q:  Do the left and right hemisphere work in unison for certain problems? ====
  
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 > Affected by Hemispheric Transfer. Retrieved from Psychology Today website: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201211/split-brains > Affected by Hemispheric Transfer. Retrieved from Psychology Today website: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201211/split-brains
  
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 ==== Q:  The article stated that there is little evidence that the right hemisphere contributes to reasoning in situations that lack relevant content. Considering this article is about 20 years old, has there been any further research done into this area? ==== ==== Q:  The article stated that there is little evidence that the right hemisphere contributes to reasoning in situations that lack relevant content. Considering this article is about 20 years old, has there been any further research done into this area? ====
  
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 Overall, it would seem that the original articles conclusions still remain accurate, and that both hemispheres work together, and the right hemisphere is more specifically association with content-based reasoning, although current studies look more specifically at certain brain regions instead of just the two hemispheres. Many different areas of the brain seem to play a role in reasoning. Overall, it would seem that the original articles conclusions still remain accurate, and that both hemispheres work together, and the right hemisphere is more specifically association with content-based reasoning, although current studies look more specifically at certain brain regions instead of just the two hemispheres. Many different areas of the brain seem to play a role in reasoning.
  
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 ==== Q:  How does this information relate to how left-brained vs. right-brained people perform in academic settings? ==== ==== Q:  How does this information relate to how left-brained vs. right-brained people perform in academic settings? ====
  
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 > Carthey, J. H. (1993). //Relationships between Learning Styles and Academic Achievement and Brain Hemispheric Dominance and Academic Performance in Business and Accounting Courses//. Retrieved from [[https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED374412|https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED374412]] > Carthey, J. H. (1993). //Relationships between Learning Styles and Academic Achievement and Brain Hemispheric Dominance and Academic Performance in Business and Accounting Courses//. Retrieved from [[https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED374412|https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED374412]]
  
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 ==== Q:  In one of my psych classes the professor talked about how left-handed people are more likely to use both sides of their brain more equally - is this true and if so, how does it apply to the reading? ==== ==== Q:  In one of my psych classes the professor talked about how left-handed people are more likely to use both sides of their brain more equally - is this true and if so, how does it apply to the reading? ====
  
 Ambient Benefit**:** From the American Psychological Association, handedness does relate to brain hemispheres. Right handed people are dominant in the left-hemisphere of the brain, and left handed people are dominant in the right-hemisphere of the brain. However, left handed and ambidextrous people can also have more symmetrical hemispheres. The article I read says right handed people do generally have brains that split tasks more fully, where the left hemisphere is associated with speech/language and the right hemisphere is associated with emotions/image processing_reasoning. It also says that strongly symmetrical brains, like those referenced in the question, may be more efficient because information does not have to cross the corpus callosum, but can also lead to mental disorders. Ambient Benefit**:** From the American Psychological Association, handedness does relate to brain hemispheres. Right handed people are dominant in the left-hemisphere of the brain, and left handed people are dominant in the right-hemisphere of the brain. However, left handed and ambidextrous people can also have more symmetrical hemispheres. The article I read says right handed people do generally have brains that split tasks more fully, where the left hemisphere is associated with speech/language and the right hemisphere is associated with emotions/image processing_reasoning. It also says that strongly symmetrical brains, like those referenced in the question, may be more efficient because information does not have to cross the corpus callosum, but can also lead to mental disorders.
  
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 ==== Q:  The article mentions that content-dependent reasoning is mediated by regions in the right hemisphere specifically the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex. Can we find the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex in mango? ==== ==== Q:  The article mentions that content-dependent reasoning is mediated by regions in the right hemisphere specifically the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex. Can we find the bilateral ventromedial frontal cortex in mango? ====
  
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 {{teaching:image6_reasoning.png?172x236}} {{teaching:image6_reasoning.png?172x236}}
  
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 ==== Q:  Does the damage to a certain brain region greatly affect the problems that would arise in reasoning? ==== ==== Q:  Does the damage to a certain brain region greatly affect the problems that would arise in reasoning? ====
  
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   * Cognitive Skills of the Brain. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from Brain Injury Alliance of Utah website: [[https://biau.org/about-brain-injuries/cognitive-skills-of-the-brain/|https://biau.org/about-brain-injuries/cognitive-skills-of-the-brain/]]   * Cognitive Skills of the Brain. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2019, from Brain Injury Alliance of Utah website: [[https://biau.org/about-brain-injuries/cognitive-skills-of-the-brain/|https://biau.org/about-brain-injuries/cognitive-skills-of-the-brain/]]
  
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 ===== Further Research ===== ===== Further Research =====
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 ==== Q:  The article stated that there is little evidence that the right hemisphere contributes to reasoning in situations that lack relevant content. Considering this article is about 20 years old, has there been any further research done into this area? (Answered above)  ==== ==== Q:  The article stated that there is little evidence that the right hemisphere contributes to reasoning in situations that lack relevant content. Considering this article is about 20 years old, has there been any further research done into this area? (Answered above)  ====
  
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 ==== Q:  This article was published in 1998. What “further investigation… with contemporary neuroimaging” has been done to elaborate on its preliminary conclusions? ==== ==== Q:  This article was published in 1998. What “further investigation… with contemporary neuroimaging” has been done to elaborate on its preliminary conclusions? ====
  
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 Overall, the three studies illustrated that deductive reasoning is associated with frontoparietal regions of the brain, which confirms previous studies mentioned in the answer to the previous question. The second main finding was that core regions commonly associated with deductive inference “cannot be interpreted as merely responding to general (i.e., non-deductive) cognitive load and/or increased working memory demands (Coetzee, 2018). Overall, the three studies illustrated that deductive reasoning is associated with frontoparietal regions of the brain, which confirms previous studies mentioned in the answer to the previous question. The second main finding was that core regions commonly associated with deductive inference “cannot be interpreted as merely responding to general (i.e., non-deductive) cognitive load and/or increased working memory demands (Coetzee, 2018).
  
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 ====== Bibliography  ====== ====== Bibliography  ======
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  Ackerman, R., & Thompson, V. A. (2017). Meta-Reasoning: Monitoring and Control of Thinking and Reasoning. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //21//(8), 607–617.  [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.004|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.004]]  Ackerman, R., & Thompson, V. A. (2017). Meta-Reasoning: Monitoring and Control of Thinking and Reasoning. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //21//(8), 607–617.  [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.004|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.004]]
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  Zhou, H., & Cacioppo, J. (2010). Culture and the brain: Opportunities and obstacles. //Asian Journal of Social Psychology//, //13//(2), 59–71. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01302.x|https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01302.x]]  Zhou, H., & Cacioppo, J. (2010). Culture and the brain: Opportunities and obstacles. //Asian Journal of Social Psychology//, //13//(2), 59–71. [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01302.x|https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01302.x]]
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 +----
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 +=== Date of summary document ===
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 +
 +2019- 04-12
  
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_reasoning.1565366352.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/09 11:59 by anthony