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teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_semantic [2019/08/17 13:12] – anthonyteaching:cndm:cndm_topic_semantic [2019/09/30 13:18] (current) – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation 66.249.65.211
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 +[[teaching:cndm:cndm_guides|Back to topics page]]
  
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 ====== Topic: Semantic Memory ====== ====== Topic: Semantic Memory ======
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-Semantic memory is knowledge that is not specific to any one episode in time.  It forms the basis for many of our "System 1" automatic decisions without reflection.  + 
 +Semantic memory is knowledge that is not specific to any one episode in time.  It forms the basis for many of our "System 1" automatic decisions without reflection.  
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 ====== Article Discussed ====== ====== Article Discussed ======
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 Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011). The neurobiology of semantic memory. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //15//(11), 527–536. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001]] Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011). The neurobiology of semantic memory. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //15//(11), 527–536. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001]]
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 ====== Brief Summary ====== ====== Brief Summary ======
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 The article for this week was about neurocognitive disorders and semantic memory issues that occurred from them. It discusses the organization of semantic memory, how semantic memory processes memory and how many different areas of the brain are critical for semantic memory such as the dorsomedial and inferior prefrontal cortices. Main ideas that were questioned include modality specific and the specific regions of the brain affected by the semantic memory neurocognitive disorders. The topic of this chapter discussed how people create norms (System 1) using connections and expectations from the environment and past experiences. These norms are then used with system 2 when making decisions about daily life. This topic greatly relies on familiarity and assumptions that are created in the brain. The article for this week was about neurocognitive disorders and semantic memory issues that occurred from them. It discusses the organization of semantic memory, how semantic memory processes memory and how many different areas of the brain are critical for semantic memory such as the dorsomedial and inferior prefrontal cortices. Main ideas that were questioned include modality specific and the specific regions of the brain affected by the semantic memory neurocognitive disorders. The topic of this chapter discussed how people create norms (System 1) using connections and expectations from the environment and past experiences. These norms are then used with system 2 when making decisions about daily life. This topic greatly relies on familiarity and assumptions that are created in the brain.
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 A big idea that was noted upon for a long time is how the flight or fight mode reacting to unexpecting things encodes memory. Such that things that go against our norms are more likely to stay in our long term memory. Actions that are considered surprising, traumatic, scary, or even funny go against norms and stick in memory. However, the class could not say that those three events that go against norms are all encoded equally just based on going against expectations. Overall, the class discussion was well thought out and contributed to in depth conversation about norms and how they impact our everyday life and how to overcome them. A big idea that was noted upon for a long time is how the flight or fight mode reacting to unexpecting things encodes memory. Such that things that go against our norms are more likely to stay in our long term memory. Actions that are considered surprising, traumatic, scary, or even funny go against norms and stick in memory. However, the class could not say that those three events that go against norms are all encoded equally just based on going against expectations. Overall, the class discussion was well thought out and contributed to in depth conversation about norms and how they impact our everyday life and how to overcome them.
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 ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ====== ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ======
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 ===== PubMed Top 5 Articles ===== ===== PubMed Top 5 Articles =====
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 1: Tonetti L, Natale V. Effects of a single short exposure to blue light on cognitive performance. Chronobiol Int. 2019 Mar 21:1-8. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1593191. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30897969. 1: Tonetti L, Natale V. Effects of a single short exposure to blue light on cognitive performance. Chronobiol Int. 2019 Mar 21:1-8. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1593191. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30897969.
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 5: Horiuchi J. Recurrent loops: Incorporating prediction error and semantic/episodic theories into Drosophila associative memory models. Genes Brain Behav. 2019 Mar 19:e12567. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12567. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30891930. 5: Horiuchi J. Recurrent loops: Incorporating prediction error and semantic/episodic theories into Drosophila associative memory models. Genes Brain Behav. 2019 Mar 19:e12567. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12567. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30891930.
  
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 ===== Neurosynth Top 5 Articles ===== ===== Neurosynth Top 5 Articles =====
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 |Abnormal object recall and anterior cingulate overactivation correlate with formal thought disorder in schizophrenia.            |Assaf M, Rivkin PR, Kuzu CH, Calhoun VD, Kraut MA, Groth KM, Yassa MA, Hart J Jr, Pearlson GD                    |Biological psychiatry                                                    |0.356| |Abnormal object recall and anterior cingulate overactivation correlate with formal thought disorder in schizophrenia.            |Assaf M, Rivkin PR, Kuzu CH, Calhoun VD, Kraut MA, Groth KM, Yassa MA, Hart J Jr, Pearlson GD                    |Biological psychiatry                                                    |0.356|
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 ===== Brain region chosen for the term ===== ===== Brain region chosen for the term =====
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 Brain Region: Retrosplenial cortex Brain Region: Retrosplenial cortex
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 ===== Neurosynth Coordinates Associations: ===== ===== Neurosynth Coordinates Associations: =====
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 |                   |**Individual voxel**|**Seed-based network**|                   |                            | |                   |**Individual voxel**|**Seed-based network**|                   |                            |
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 |memory retrieval   |6.73                |0.8                   |0.28               |0.32                        | |memory retrieval   |6.73                |0.8                   |0.28               |0.32                        |
 |concrete           |6.58                |0.85                  |0.06               |0.13                        | |concrete           |6.58                |0.85                  |0.06               |0.13                        |
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 ====== Questions posed by the class ====== ====== Questions posed by the class ======
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 ===== Background and vocabulary ===== ===== Background and vocabulary =====
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 ==== Q:  What does orthographic or phonological properties mean? ==== ==== Q:  What does orthographic or phonological properties mean? ====
  
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 Therefore a phonological property is a quality of something that involves how language sounds Therefore a phonological property is a quality of something that involves how language sounds
  
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 ==== Q:  What does epiphenomenal mean? ==== ==== Q:  What does epiphenomenal mean? ====
  
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   - An additional condition or symptom in the course of a disease, not necessarily connected with the disease.   - An additional condition or symptom in the course of a disease, not necessarily connected with the disease.
  
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 ==== Q:  What is the default mode network? ==== ==== Q:  What is the default mode network? ====
  
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 The Default Mode Network consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex. It represents the mind without a mental or physical focal point, allowing us to daydream, remember, and imagine. The Default Mode Network consists of the amygdala, hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex. It represents the mind without a mental or physical focal point, allowing us to daydream, remember, and imagine.
  
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 ==== Q:  Could someone explain what exactly modality-specific simulation is? ==== ==== Q:  Could someone explain what exactly modality-specific simulation is? ====
  
 PaintLevel: Modality-specific brain areas are activated when you encounter a word that triggers the memory of something we have previously perceived via our five senses. For example, encountering the word cinnamon will stimulate the same neural pathways that are activated when you actually taste of smell cinnamon in real life because these regions are modality-specific. This is an example of modality-specific stimulation. PaintLevel: Modality-specific brain areas are activated when you encounter a word that triggers the memory of something we have previously perceived via our five senses. For example, encountering the word cinnamon will stimulate the same neural pathways that are activated when you actually taste of smell cinnamon in real life because these regions are modality-specific. This is an example of modality-specific stimulation.
  
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 ==== Q:  What is the difference between general semantic and modality-specific semantic processes?  ==== ==== Q:  What is the difference between general semantic and modality-specific semantic processes?  ====
  
 ZeroCanary: Semantic encoding is a process in which our brain processes words and converts them into a proper meaning. The article mentions a piano example. If you hear the word ‘piano’, Semantic processing on the general level will give you an image of a piano and the knowledge that it is a musical instrument_semantic. Modality-specific semantic processing is breaking down the word ‘piano’ into visual, auditory and kinesthetic specific processes. Visual, visualizing what a piano looks like; Auditory, playing the sound of a piano in your head; and Kinesthetic, visualizing playing the piano and the movements involved. ZeroCanary: Semantic encoding is a process in which our brain processes words and converts them into a proper meaning. The article mentions a piano example. If you hear the word ‘piano’, Semantic processing on the general level will give you an image of a piano and the knowledge that it is a musical instrument_semantic. Modality-specific semantic processing is breaking down the word ‘piano’ into visual, auditory and kinesthetic specific processes. Visual, visualizing what a piano looks like; Auditory, playing the sound of a piano in your head; and Kinesthetic, visualizing playing the piano and the movements involved.
  
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 ==== Q:  Can someone explain figure 4? ==== ==== Q:  Can someone explain figure 4? ====
  
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 The description below the figure basically says that the yellow areas (action, visual motion, sound, color, emotions) are providing experiential input to the red regions (convergence zones), which then store abstract representations of entity/event knowledge. The blue regions control goal-directed activation and selection of the information stored in temporoparietal cortices.The green regions function as an interface between the semantic network and hippocampal memory system, and helps encodes events into episodic memory. The description below the figure basically says that the yellow areas (action, visual motion, sound, color, emotions) are providing experiential input to the red regions (convergence zones), which then store abstract representations of entity/event knowledge. The blue regions control goal-directed activation and selection of the information stored in temporoparietal cortices.The green regions function as an interface between the semantic network and hippocampal memory system, and helps encodes events into episodic memory.
  
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 ===== Convergence zones ===== ===== Convergence zones =====
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 ==== Q:  What are convergence zones? ==== ==== Q:  What are convergence zones? ====
  
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 Convergence zones when talking about the brain are areas in which information from all over the cortex come together and are input into that area to cause a function to occur. A documented example of this is the Hippocampus, which is widely known as a critical convergence zone in the brain. It is known as a funnel for information from around the brain and its vast amount of functions could be because a lot of different information is input there and the hippocampus then translates it into a function of the body. Convergence zones when talking about the brain are areas in which information from all over the cortex come together and are input into that area to cause a function to occur. A documented example of this is the Hippocampus, which is widely known as a critical convergence zone in the brain. It is known as a funnel for information from around the brain and its vast amount of functions could be because a lot of different information is input there and the hippocampus then translates it into a function of the body.
  
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 ==== Q:  How do psychologists differentiate the roles of different regions when convergence zones exist, which seemingly mitigate roles and causality? ==== ==== Q:  How do psychologists differentiate the roles of different regions when convergence zones exist, which seemingly mitigate roles and causality? ====
  
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 ===== Theory of Mind ===== ===== Theory of Mind =====
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 ==== Q:  What is “theory of mind?” ==== ==== Q:  What is “theory of mind?” ====
  
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 ==== Q:  How does theory of mind relate to the network in relation to social cognition? ==== ==== Q:  How does theory of mind relate to the network in relation to social cognition? ====
  
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 (Mason & Just, 2009) (Mason & Just, 2009)
  
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 ==== Q:  If we do have impressions of causality how would that work? That seems like something that would be learned. ==== ==== Q:  If we do have impressions of causality how would that work? That seems like something that would be learned. ====
  
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 Hume and the Problem of Causation’, in P. Russell (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Hume (New York: OUP, 201) Hume and the Problem of Causation’, in P. Russell (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Hume (New York: OUP, 201)
  
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 ===== Embodied Cognition ===== ===== Embodied Cognition =====
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 ==== Q:  Can we come up with an example for embodied cognition? ==== ==== Q:  Can we come up with an example for embodied cognition? ====
  
 TwinNevada**:** The theory of embodied cognition suggests that our body is also responsible for thinking or problem solving. An example for this would be the sound of the dentist's drill might trigger a specific bodily sensation. Another example is putting your hand on a hot stove then immediately removing your hand. You move your hand away without your brain telling your hand to do so. Sensory signals could evoke positive or negative healing experiences. TwinNevada**:** The theory of embodied cognition suggests that our body is also responsible for thinking or problem solving. An example for this would be the sound of the dentist's drill might trigger a specific bodily sensation. Another example is putting your hand on a hot stove then immediately removing your hand. You move your hand away without your brain telling your hand to do so. Sensory signals could evoke positive or negative healing experiences.
  
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 ==== Q:  What is “embodied abstraction”? The provided definition on page 531 doesn’t seem to make much sense. ==== ==== Q:  What is “embodied abstraction”? The provided definition on page 531 doesn’t seem to make much sense. ====
  
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 (Binder & Desai, 2011) (Binder & Desai, 2011)
  
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 ==== Q:  Are there many articles demonstrating strong evidence for the strong embodiment theory? ==== ==== Q:  Are there many articles demonstrating strong evidence for the strong embodiment theory? ====
  
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 This excerpt from the article suggests that there is not strong evidence for the strong embodiment model. However, embodied cognition has recently become a popular area of interest and study. There are a few articles that discuss it and try to find scientific backing yet that still seems to be lacking. Some research says, “for the vast majority of classic findings in cognitive science, embodied cognition offers no scientifically valuable insight. In most cases, the theory has no logical connections to the phenomena, other than some trivially true ideas. Beyond classic laboratory findings, embodiment theory is also unable to adequately address the basic experiences of cognitive life.” This excerpt from the article suggests that there is not strong evidence for the strong embodiment model. However, embodied cognition has recently become a popular area of interest and study. There are a few articles that discuss it and try to find scientific backing yet that still seems to be lacking. Some research says, “for the vast majority of classic findings in cognitive science, embodied cognition offers no scientifically valuable insight. In most cases, the theory has no logical connections to the phenomena, other than some trivially true ideas. Beyond classic laboratory findings, embodiment theory is also unable to adequately address the basic experiences of cognitive life.”
  
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 ===== Brain injuries and brain regions ===== ===== Brain injuries and brain regions =====
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 ==== Q:  How do semantic memory disorders impact the brain? ==== ==== Q:  How do semantic memory disorders impact the brain? ====
  
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 [[https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.2.149|https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.2.149]] [[https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.2.149|https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.2.149]]
  
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 ==== Q:  What is semantic dementia? And, what are some of its symptoms? ==== ==== Q:  What is semantic dementia? And, what are some of its symptoms? ====
  
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 Additionally, svPPA is thought to be caused by the accumulation of TDP-43 (a protein) in the left temporal lobe (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.). Over time, as more and more accumulates in this region of the brain, the brain cells die resulting in loss of brain matter and thus semantic dementia (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.). This is likely why svPPa begins to appear in people 50-60 years old as it takes time for the protein to accumulate and cause noticeable damage (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.). Additionally, svPPA is thought to be caused by the accumulation of TDP-43 (a protein) in the left temporal lobe (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.). Over time, as more and more accumulates in this region of the brain, the brain cells die resulting in loss of brain matter and thus semantic dementia (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.). This is likely why svPPa begins to appear in people 50-60 years old as it takes time for the protein to accumulate and cause noticeable damage (“Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia,” n.d.).
  
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 ==== Q:  How does trauma/brain injury affect the convergences of the perceptual processing streams mentioned in the article? ==== ==== Q:  How does trauma/brain injury affect the convergences of the perceptual processing streams mentioned in the article? ====
  
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 This is a picture representing the perceptual processing streams. The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from a common source in the visual cortex. It represents the neural processing of vision and hearing. The role of the ventral stream is object and visual identification and recognition whereas the dorsal stream takes part in spatial location of objects and speech repetition. Damage to the posterior parietal cortex can lead to spatial disorders. Some of these include Akinetopsia which is the inability to perceive motion, Hemispatial neglect where the patient in unable to perceive objects in one field of view and Simultanagnosia where the patient is unable to recognize singular objects within the context of others (for example, trees within a forest). This is a picture representing the perceptual processing streams. The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from a common source in the visual cortex. It represents the neural processing of vision and hearing. The role of the ventral stream is object and visual identification and recognition whereas the dorsal stream takes part in spatial location of objects and speech repetition. Damage to the posterior parietal cortex can lead to spatial disorders. Some of these include Akinetopsia which is the inability to perceive motion, Hemispatial neglect where the patient in unable to perceive objects in one field of view and Simultanagnosia where the patient is unable to recognize singular objects within the context of others (for example, trees within a forest).
  
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 ==== Q:  Could the patients with damage to the inferior and lateral temporal lobe have damage to their what ventral steam in the temporal lobe? ==== ==== Q:  Could the patients with damage to the inferior and lateral temporal lobe have damage to their what ventral steam in the temporal lobe? ====
  
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 The inferior temporal lobe is what controls visual recognition and therefore damage to it would cause damage to the ventral stream. However the inferior temporal cortex consists of area TE and the rhinal cortex, the TE located at the end of the ventral stream, lesion to this area cause object agnosia and change in behavior that depends of rewards. The inferior temporal lobe is what controls visual recognition and therefore damage to it would cause damage to the ventral stream. However the inferior temporal cortex consists of area TE and the rhinal cortex, the TE located at the end of the ventral stream, lesion to this area cause object agnosia and change in behavior that depends of rewards.
  
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 ==== Q:  Do certain neurocognitive disorders get in the way of semantic memory? ==== ==== Q:  Do certain neurocognitive disorders get in the way of semantic memory? ====
  
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 There are many neurocognitive disorders related to semantic memory deficits. Many articles seemed to demonstrate semantic memory issues for people with Schizophrenia, one stating “Patients demonstrated impairment in recall, in recognition, in semantic encoding, and in frequency estimation” (Beaudreau & O’Hara, 20090601). There are many neurocognitive disorders related to semantic memory deficits. Many articles seemed to demonstrate semantic memory issues for people with Schizophrenia, one stating “Patients demonstrated impairment in recall, in recognition, in semantic encoding, and in frequency estimation” (Beaudreau & O’Hara, 20090601).
  
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 ==== Q:  Are the temporal pole and ventromedial prefrontal cortex the only thing involved in role of emotion? ==== ==== Q:  Are the temporal pole and ventromedial prefrontal cortex the only thing involved in role of emotion? ====
  
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 No, the entire limbic system of the brain is involved in behavioral and emotional responses. The Hypothalamus controls emotional responses. The Hippocampus is responsible for preserving and retrieving memories. The amygdala helps coordinate responses to things in your environment, especially those that trigger an emotional response. The amygdala is important in fear and anger emotions. The limbic cortex, consisting of the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus, work together to impact mood, motivation, and judgement. Basically, it takes many parts of the brain interacting together to regulate and control emotion. The limbic system operates with other areas of the brain to produce and regulate basic emotions and feelings (What Part of the Brain Controls Emotions? Fear, Happiness, Anger, Love. (2018, July 23). No, the entire limbic system of the brain is involved in behavioral and emotional responses. The Hypothalamus controls emotional responses. The Hippocampus is responsible for preserving and retrieving memories. The amygdala helps coordinate responses to things in your environment, especially those that trigger an emotional response. The amygdala is important in fear and anger emotions. The limbic cortex, consisting of the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus, work together to impact mood, motivation, and judgement. Basically, it takes many parts of the brain interacting together to regulate and control emotion. The limbic system operates with other areas of the brain to produce and regulate basic emotions and feelings (What Part of the Brain Controls Emotions? Fear, Happiness, Anger, Love. (2018, July 23).
  
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 ==== Q:  If different types of memory are stored and processed in different regions of the brain, does this mean you can be better at recalling one type of memory over the other? ==== ==== Q:  If different types of memory are stored and processed in different regions of the brain, does this mean you can be better at recalling one type of memory over the other? ====
  
 RespondLlama: remembering something is “replaying” a pattern of neural activity that was generated when the original event took place. It is not the exact neural activity, otherwise there would be no way to distinguish between a real event and a memory. There are three main types of memory recall: free, cued and serial. The frontal lobe can also block out unwanted memories if they are traumatic or stressful. The article I read seems to imply that certain types of memory are not easier to recall than others, but that the ability to remember something depends strongly on the quality of the cues given to you to remember whatever it is you’re trying to recall. RespondLlama: remembering something is “replaying” a pattern of neural activity that was generated when the original event took place. It is not the exact neural activity, otherwise there would be no way to distinguish between a real event and a memory. There are three main types of memory recall: free, cued and serial. The frontal lobe can also block out unwanted memories if they are traumatic or stressful. The article I read seems to imply that certain types of memory are not easier to recall than others, but that the ability to remember something depends strongly on the quality of the cues given to you to remember whatever it is you’re trying to recall.
  
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 ===== Types of memory ===== ===== Types of memory =====
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 ==== Q:  what else does the heteromodal cortex participate in besides semantic memory ==== ==== Q:  what else does the heteromodal cortex participate in besides semantic memory ====
  
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 “Because of their multimodal inputs, these cortical areas are considered to be responsible for more complex or integrated cognitive activities” “Because of their multimodal inputs, these cortical areas are considered to be responsible for more complex or integrated cognitive activities”
  
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 ==== Q:  What are other types of memory and how does the brain work differently in using semantic memory vs using other memory? ==== ==== Q:  What are other types of memory and how does the brain work differently in using semantic memory vs using other memory? ====
  
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   * Procedural memory (skills), which include physical and mental skills acquired over time that is used automatically without conscious recollection of how to apply it.   * Procedural memory (skills), which include physical and mental skills acquired over time that is used automatically without conscious recollection of how to apply it.
  
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 ===== Non-human animals and artificial intelligence ===== ===== Non-human animals and artificial intelligence =====
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 ==== Q:  Could we study the types of memory talked about in this paper in non-human primate models or mice?  ==== ==== Q:  Could we study the types of memory talked about in this paper in non-human primate models or mice?  ====
  
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 In the paper semantic memory is being looked at which consists of long term memories that are remembered facts or common knowledge. So, they are not memories drawn from personal experiences, but instead are facts such as knowing the capitals of U.S. states. This makes me feel like it would be difficult to gauge true semantic memory function in non-human primates who do not have as sophisticated language as humans. In doing my research I found that the closest we can come to testing semantic memory is with episodic memory tests. In non-human subjects this means that cognitive tests are used along with neurobiological parallels to human episodic brain processing. Since episodic is more based on memory recall of personal life events, this is not exactly what semantic is. Since semantic is largely tested on the recall of ‘known’ facts, it seems that this paradigm is very difficult to test in non-human subjects. In the paper semantic memory is being looked at which consists of long term memories that are remembered facts or common knowledge. So, they are not memories drawn from personal experiences, but instead are facts such as knowing the capitals of U.S. states. This makes me feel like it would be difficult to gauge true semantic memory function in non-human primates who do not have as sophisticated language as humans. In doing my research I found that the closest we can come to testing semantic memory is with episodic memory tests. In non-human subjects this means that cognitive tests are used along with neurobiological parallels to human episodic brain processing. Since episodic is more based on memory recall of personal life events, this is not exactly what semantic is. Since semantic is largely tested on the recall of ‘known’ facts, it seems that this paradigm is very difficult to test in non-human subjects.
  
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 ==== Q:  Do animals embody semantic memory? ==== ==== Q:  Do animals embody semantic memory? ====
  
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 Yes, it is thought that animals do indeed have semantic memory, but not episodic memory. Studies have been conducted that have shown animals understanding general knowledge and the things around them, and these animals have also demonstrated the ability to learn things such as sign language on the spot. These point to the conclusion that nonhuman animals still have semantic memory. Yes, it is thought that animals do indeed have semantic memory, but not episodic memory. Studies have been conducted that have shown animals understanding general knowledge and the things around them, and these animals have also demonstrated the ability to learn things such as sign language on the spot. These point to the conclusion that nonhuman animals still have semantic memory.
  
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 ==== Q:  How does AI account for all of the processing systems of the semantic memory? ==== ==== Q:  How does AI account for all of the processing systems of the semantic memory? ====
  
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 ====== Bibliography ====== ====== Bibliography ======
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 Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011). The neurobiology of semantic memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001 Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011). The neurobiology of semantic memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_semantic.1566061957.txt.gz · Last modified: by anthony