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teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_value [2019/08/09 11:56] – ↷ Page moved from teaching:cndm_topic_value to teaching:cndm:cndm_topic_value anthonyteaching:cndm:cndm_topic_value [2019/12/21 08:04] (current) – [Q: What are idiosyncratic preferences?] anthony
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 ~~TOC 1-2~~ ~~TOC 1-2~~
  
 +{{ :teaching:cndm:cndm_logo_first_tight.svg?450 |}}
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 +[[teaching:cndm:cndm_guides|Back to topics page]]
  
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 ====== Topic: Value ====== ====== Topic: Value ======
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 +How do we automatically judge the value of different choices? 
  
-2019-05-06 
  
 +
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 ====== Article Discussed ====== ====== Article Discussed ======
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 Glimcher, P. W. (2014). Chapter 20—Value-Based Decision Making. In P. W. Glimcher & E. Fehr (Eds.), //Neuroeconomics (Second Edition)// (pp. 373–391). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416008-8.00020-6 Glimcher, P. W. (2014). Chapter 20—Value-Based Decision Making. In P. W. Glimcher & E. Fehr (Eds.), //Neuroeconomics (Second Edition)// (pp. 373–391). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416008-8.00020-6
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 +----
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 ====== Brief summary ====== ====== Brief summary ======
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 +
  
 The topic of this article is moving towards understanding the basic mechanism by which the human brain makes choices. The critical reading questions focused on topics including the different theories on how humans make decisions, different senses involved in decision-making, and different parts of the brain that aid in decision-making. The classroom discussion talked about topics including law of least effort, laziness and how that affects system 1 and 2, and pupil size in human and primates during a task. The topic of this article is moving towards understanding the basic mechanism by which the human brain makes choices. The critical reading questions focused on topics including the different theories on how humans make decisions, different senses involved in decision-making, and different parts of the brain that aid in decision-making. The classroom discussion talked about topics including law of least effort, laziness and how that affects system 1 and 2, and pupil size in human and primates during a task.
  
 This summary document includes all the article questions that were answered during class. There were no unanswered questions left to answer, the class answered all twenty-six questions. After looking over the questions and answers for the document, all questions were answered with an appropriate response. This summary document includes all the article questions that were answered during class. There were no unanswered questions left to answer, the class answered all twenty-six questions. After looking over the questions and answers for the document, all questions were answered with an appropriate response.
 +
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 +----
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 ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ====== ====== Cognitive process neuroimaging analysis ======
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 +
  
 Neurosynth term: “decision making” Neurosynth term: “decision making”
  
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 ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles ===== ===== Top 5 Pubmed articles =====
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 5: Cruz R, Belter L, Wasnock M, Nazarelli A, Jarecki J. Clin Ther. 2019 May 3. pii: S0149-2918(19)30127-4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.03.012. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:31056304 5: Cruz R, Belter L, Wasnock M, Nazarelli A, Jarecki J. Clin Ther. 2019 May 3. pii: S0149-2918(19)30127-4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.03.012. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:31056304
  
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 ===== Top5 Neurosynth articles ===== ===== Top5 Neurosynth articles =====
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 Northoff, G., Grimm, S., Boeker, H., Schmidt, C., Bermpohl, F., Heinzel, A., … Boesiger, P. (2006). Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. //Human Brain Mapping//, //27//(7), 572–587. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20202|https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20202]] Northoff, G., Grimm, S., Boeker, H., Schmidt, C., Bermpohl, F., Heinzel, A., … Boesiger, P. (2006). Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. //Human Brain Mapping//, //27//(7), 572–587. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20202|https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20202]]
  
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 ===== Neurosynth map for the term: ===== ===== Neurosynth map for the term: =====
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 {{teaching:image1_value.png?506x515}} {{teaching:image1_value.png?506x515}}
  
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 ===== Brain region chosen for the term ===== ===== Brain region chosen for the term =====
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 Brain region “Sup Frontal Gryus” Brain region “Sup Frontal Gryus”
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 {{teaching:image2_value.png?491x510}} {{teaching:image2_value.png?491x510}}
  
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 ===== Other Neurosynth terms associated with this brain region: ===== ===== Other Neurosynth terms associated with this brain region: =====
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 MNI Coordinates: 4,26, 48 MNI Coordinates: 4,26, 48
  
 {{teaching:image3_value.png?576x222}} {{teaching:image3_value.png?576x222}}
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 +----
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 ====== Questions posed by the class ====== ====== Questions posed by the class ======
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 +
  
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 ===== Background vocabulary ===== ===== Background vocabulary =====
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 +\\
 ==== Q:  What does the author mean by the statement “segregation of the decision-making system into two neat components is part pedagogy and part reality”? I am not sure what pedagogy means and in the context of decision-making. ==== ==== Q:  What does the author mean by the statement “segregation of the decision-making system into two neat components is part pedagogy and part reality”? I am not sure what pedagogy means and in the context of decision-making. ====
  
 It’s only part reality because the brain works more complexly than to function in neat, organized ways.  The segregation of the decision-making system into two neat components is pedagogy because it is mostly used as a theory so that the way the system works can be taught and understood more easily.  -VideoSport It’s only part reality because the brain works more complexly than to function in neat, organized ways.  The segregation of the decision-making system into two neat components is pedagogy because it is mostly used as a theory so that the way the system works can be taught and understood more easily.  -VideoSport
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is the Argmax Operation and how is it performed?  ==== ==== Q:  What is the Argmax Operation and how is it performed?  ====
  
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   * AmbientBenefit   * AmbientBenefit
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is the winner-take-all system? ==== ==== Q:  What is the winner-take-all system? ====
  
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 -AgentCharter -AgentCharter
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is a “Gaussian function of distance” ==== ==== Q:  What is a “Gaussian function of distance” ====
  
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   * AmbientBenefit (Reference: a brief summary of things Prof Cate said in class that I wrote down because it was helpful)   * AmbientBenefit (Reference: a brief summary of things Prof Cate said in class that I wrote down because it was helpful)
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is stochasticity? ==== ==== Q:  What is stochasticity? ====
  
 Schoasticity is a randomly determined process or probability. (Stochastic. (2019). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483|https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483]]) - WindowComrade Schoasticity is a randomly determined process or probability. (Stochastic. (2019). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483|https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483]]) - WindowComrade
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is meant by the term “Behavioral Stochasticity”? ==== ==== Q:  What is meant by the term “Behavioral Stochasticity”? ====
  
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   * ShelfOpus   * ShelfOpus
  
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 ==== Q:  What are idiosyncratic preferences? ==== ==== Q:  What are idiosyncratic preferences? ====
  
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 -**IsotopeNirvana** -**IsotopeNirvana**
  
-[[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?mJdo15|(Glimcher, 2014)]]+(Glimcher, 2014)
  
 +\\
 +\\
 ===== Theories and Strategies  ===== ===== Theories and Strategies  =====
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 +\\
 ==== Q:  What is the “expected utility theory” mentioned on page 374? ==== ==== Q:  What is the “expected utility theory” mentioned on page 374? ====
  
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 [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?IN8KPf|(“Expected utility theory | Policonomics,” n.d.)]] [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?IN8KPf|(“Expected utility theory | Policonomics,” n.d.)]]
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  The text mentions a “Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium.” What exactly is this and how does it work? ==== ==== Q:  The text mentions a “Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium.” What exactly is this and how does it work? ====
  
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   *    * 
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  How do you play “work or shirk”? ==== ==== Q:  How do you play “work or shirk”? ====
  
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   * **DivideSegment**: Dorris, M. C., & Glimcher, P. W. (2004). Activity in posterior parietal cortex is correlated with the relative subjective desirability of action. //Neuron//, //44//(2), 365–378. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.009|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.009]]   * **DivideSegment**: Dorris, M. C., & Glimcher, P. W. (2004). Activity in posterior parietal cortex is correlated with the relative subjective desirability of action. //Neuron//, //44//(2), 365–378. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.009|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.009]]
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Is there a simpler or different analogy than the one that is in the article that can be made about the signal detection theory and the expected utility theory to make it easier to grasp as a concept? ==== ==== Q:  Is there a simpler or different analogy than the one that is in the article that can be made about the signal detection theory and the expected utility theory to make it easier to grasp as a concept? ====
  
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   * ShelfOpus   * ShelfOpus
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Can someone explain what is being shown in Figure 20.1? ==== ==== Q:  Can someone explain what is being shown in Figure 20.1? ====
  
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   * TwinNevada   * TwinNevada
  
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 ===== Areas of the brain  ===== ===== Areas of the brain  =====
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 ==== Q:  What is area LIP and what are all of the functions it is responsible for? ==== ==== Q:  What is area LIP and what are all of the functions it is responsible for? ====
  
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 Bisley, James W., and Michael E. Goldberg. “Neuronal Activity in the Lateral Intraparietal Area and Spatial Attention.” //Science// 299, no. 5603 (January 3, 2003): 81. [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077395|https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077395]]. Bisley, James W., and Michael E. Goldberg. “Neuronal Activity in the Lateral Intraparietal Area and Spatial Attention.” //Science// 299, no. 5603 (January 3, 2003): 81. [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077395|https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077395]].
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Are so many studies on eye movement because decision-making often (if not always) stems from the senses and that is our primary sense (for the most part)? ==== ==== Q:  Are so many studies on eye movement because decision-making often (if not always) stems from the senses and that is our primary sense (for the most part)? ====
  
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 Orquin, J. L., & Mueller Loose, S. (2013). Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. //Acta Psychologica//, //144//(1), 190–206. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003]] Orquin, J. L., & Mueller Loose, S. (2013). Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. //Acta Psychologica//, //144//(1), 190–206. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003]]
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  What are the main functions of the vmPFC and medial prefrontal cortex? ==== ==== Q:  What are the main functions of the vmPFC and medial prefrontal cortex? ====
  
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 Wheeler, E. Z. (2006, June 21). Examining Theories of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Function [University of Pittsburgh ETD]. Retrieved February 5, 2019, from [[http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7587/|http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7587/]] Wheeler, E. Z. (2006, June 21). Examining Theories of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Function [University of Pittsburgh ETD]. Retrieved February 5, 2019, from [[http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7587/|http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7587/]]
  
-        Medial Prefrontal cortex: some people say it mediates decision making, and other say it is involved in retrieval of long-term memory.+Medial Prefrontal cortex: some people say it mediates decision making, and other say it is involved in retrieval of long-term memory.
  
 The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Memory and Decision Making. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2019, from [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562704/|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562704/]] The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Memory and Decision Making. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2019, from [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562704/|https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562704/]]
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 SodaOxford SodaOxford
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Are the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum limited to around 7 comparison “chunks”, as researched in other short term memory related studies? ==== ==== Q:  Are the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum limited to around 7 comparison “chunks”, as researched in other short term memory related studies? ====
  
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 The “chunking” theory of learning is a main component of working memory, considering it enables the user to recall information with greater ease while executing a specific task. When considering both the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex, in addition to various other regions of the brain, are activated during memory processes, it seems that the chunking method of retaining information is the work of a collective whole rather than individualized brain regions. The “chunking” theory of learning is a main component of working memory, considering it enables the user to recall information with greater ease while executing a specific task. When considering both the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex, in addition to various other regions of the brain, are activated during memory processes, it seems that the chunking method of retaining information is the work of a collective whole rather than individualized brain regions.
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  How would data in value-based studies of decision making be different for someone with brain damage (more specifically the to the vmPFC and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex)? ==== ==== Q:  How would data in value-based studies of decision making be different for someone with brain damage (more specifically the to the vmPFC and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex)? ====
  
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 //Fellows, L. K., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Different Underlying Impairments in Decision-making Following Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans. Cerebral Cortex, 15(1), 58–63.// [[https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh108|//https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh108//]] //Fellows, L. K., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Different Underlying Impairments in Decision-making Following Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans. Cerebral Cortex, 15(1), 58–63.// [[https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh108|//https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh108//]]
  
 +\\
 +\\
 ===== Neurotransmitters and decision making  ===== ===== Neurotransmitters and decision making  =====
 +\\
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Why don’t dopamine neurons show increased firing rate when humans/animals receive large rewards? I understand how it could potentially make the receptors less sensitive, but I don’t understand why it doesn’t affect firing rate. ==== ==== Q:  Why don’t dopamine neurons show increased firing rate when humans/animals receive large rewards? I understand how it could potentially make the receptors less sensitive, but I don’t understand why it doesn’t affect firing rate. ====
  
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 -TelecomElegant -TelecomElegant
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Is the reward prediction error always going to show that dopamine is not a reward? The article says that when a human/animal expects to receive a large reward and does that dopamine neurons do not show an increase in firing rate. ==== ==== Q:  Is the reward prediction error always going to show that dopamine is not a reward? The article says that when a human/animal expects to receive a large reward and does that dopamine neurons do not show an increase in firing rate. ====
  
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 [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?cDb9vX|(Schultz, 2016)]] **(Schultz, 2016)** [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?cDb9vX|(Schultz, 2016)]] **(Schultz, 2016)**
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Given the close relationship between serotonin and dopamine in the brain, how is serotonin incorporated into the dopamine findings concerning value and reward decision making?  ==== ==== Q:  Given the close relationship between serotonin and dopamine in the brain, how is serotonin incorporated into the dopamine findings concerning value and reward decision making?  ====
  
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 Paint Level Paint Level
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  The article stated that dopamine helps to teach value, could that be related to the addictiveness of drugs that increase dopamine since the increase of dopamine teaches the brain to value taking the drug? ==== ==== Q:  The article stated that dopamine helps to teach value, could that be related to the addictiveness of drugs that increase dopamine since the increase of dopamine teaches the brain to value taking the drug? ====
  
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 -PoloBravo -PoloBravo
  
 +\\
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 ===== Decision making in non-human animals  ===== ===== Decision making in non-human animals  =====
 +\\
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  The article frequently mentions similarities between human and animal decision making, but never thoroughly the differences. Are our decision-making valuations really so similar? ==== ==== Q:  The article frequently mentions similarities between human and animal decision making, but never thoroughly the differences. Are our decision-making valuations really so similar? ====
  
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   * DecimalSponsor   * DecimalSponsor
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  The article mentions “A tremendous amount is know about how many things are represented in the mammalian brain” (pg 376) (referencing choice processing) and not so much the human brain because of the lack of technology. Are there any studies done on both monkeys and humans that ended with the same conclusion? I’m curious as to just how applicable the choice circuit found in non-human primates will be to humans. ==== ==== Q:  The article mentions “A tremendous amount is know about how many things are represented in the mammalian brain” (pg 376) (referencing choice processing) and not so much the human brain because of the lack of technology. Are there any studies done on both monkeys and humans that ended with the same conclusion? I’m curious as to just how applicable the choice circuit found in non-human primates will be to humans. ====
  
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   * Ferrari-Toniolo, S., Bujold, P. M., & Schultz, W. (2019). Probability distortion depends on choice sequence in rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Neuroscience, 1454-18. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1454-18.2018-**SOCIALANVIL**   * Ferrari-Toniolo, S., Bujold, P. M., & Schultz, W. (2019). Probability distortion depends on choice sequence in rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Neuroscience, 1454-18. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1454-18.2018-**SOCIALANVIL**
  
 +\\
 +\\
 ===== Making decisions for others or brands  ===== ===== Making decisions for others or brands  =====
 +\\
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  Many studies about the human decision making process explore what happens in the human body when a person is making a decision for themselves, such as what to wear for the day. How does this process change when a person is making a decision for another person, i.e. a parent making a decision for their child? ==== ==== Q:  Many studies about the human decision making process explore what happens in the human body when a person is making a decision for themselves, such as what to wear for the day. How does this process change when a person is making a decision for another person, i.e. a parent making a decision for their child? ====
  
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 [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?TsJLt4|**(Rolison, Hanoch, & Freund, 2018)**]] [[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?TsJLt4|**(Rolison, Hanoch, & Freund, 2018)**]]
  
 +\\
 ==== Q:  how can the info in this article be applied to how consumers choose between different product brands? ==== ==== Q:  how can the info in this article be applied to how consumers choose between different product brands? ====
  
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   * Individuals have their idiosyncratic preferences and use those to make decisions, however in relation to marketing and consumer decision making, products that get the most visual attention - aka products on the shelves at eye level in the grocery - are the most purchased items.   * Individuals have their idiosyncratic preferences and use those to make decisions, however in relation to marketing and consumer decision making, products that get the most visual attention - aka products on the shelves at eye level in the grocery - are the most purchased items.
     * **DivideSegment:** Christopoulos, V. N., Kagan, I., & Andersen, R. A. (2018). Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions. //Scientific Reports//, //8//(1), 8611. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26366-9|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26366-9]]     * **DivideSegment:** Christopoulos, V. N., Kagan, I., & Andersen, R. A. (2018). Lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is largely effector-specific in free-choice decisions. //Scientific Reports//, //8//(1), 8611. [[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26366-9|https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26366-9]]
 +
 +\\
 +----
 +\\
  
 ====== Bibliography ====== ====== Bibliography ======
 +\\
 +
  
 Adolphs, R. (1999). Social cognition and the human brain. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //3//(12), 469–479. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01399-6|https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01399-6]][[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?JDLAww|Arg max. (2018). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arg_max&oldid=873249289]] Adolphs, R. (1999). Social cognition and the human brain. //Trends in Cognitive Sciences//, //3//(12), 469–479. [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01399-6|https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01399-6]][[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?JDLAww|Arg max. (2018). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arg_max&oldid=873249289]]
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 Signal Detection Theory: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2019, from Study.com website: [[http://study.com/academy/lesson/signal-detection-theory-definition-examples.html|http://study.com/academy/lesson/signal-detection-theory-definition-examples.html]] Signal Detection Theory: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2019, from Study.com website: [[http://study.com/academy/lesson/signal-detection-theory-definition-examples.html|http://study.com/academy/lesson/signal-detection-theory-definition-examples.html]]
  
-[[https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?JDLAww|//Signal detection theory - part 1//. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/signal-detection-theory-part-1]]+Signal detection theory - part 1. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/signal-detection-theory-part-1]]
  
 Stochastic. (2019). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483|https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483]] Stochastic. (2019). In //Wikipedia//. Retrieved from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483|https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stochastic&oldid=877625483]]
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 Wickens, T. D. (2002). //Elementary Signal Detection Theory//. Oxford University Press. Wickens, T. D. (2002). //Elementary Signal Detection Theory//. Oxford University Press.
  
 +\\
 +----
 +\\
 +
 +=== Date of summary document ===
 +
 +2019-05-06
  
teaching/cndm/cndm_topic_value.1565366211.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/08/09 11:56 by anthony